MSK1 body orientation

• What is the standard body position referred to in anatomical reference?


  Anatomical Position
• What are the characteristics of the Anatomical Position?


  • Feet slightly apart
  • Standing erect
  • Palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body
• Who created the Vitruvian Man and when was it dated?

  Leonardo da Vinci, dated to c. 1490
• Why are directional terms important in anatomy?


  They describe where one body structure is in relation to another.
• What do regional terms in anatomy refer to?


  They describe anatomy by dividing the body into different regions with similar functions.
• What are the anatomical planes and their purpose?


  • Different lines used to divide the human body
  • Allow for accurate description of a location
• What is the term for muscles and skin in anatomical terminology?


  Myotomes and Dermatomes
• What are the directional terms in anatomy and their definitions?


  • Superior: Towards the head (e.g., Heart is superior to liver)
  • Inferior: Away from head (e.g., Stomach is inferior to lungs)
  • Anterior: Nearer to the front (e.g., Sternum is anterior to heart)
  • Posterior: Nearer to the back (e.g., Oesophagus is posterior to trachea)
  • Medial: Nearer to midline (e.g., Ulna is medial to forearm)
  • Lateral: Farther from midline (e.g., Ascending colon is lateral to bladder)
  • Intermediate: Between two structures (e.g., Ring finger is intermediate)
• What are the remaining directional terms and their definitions?


  • Proximal: Nearer to trunk (e.g., Humerus is proximal to radius)
  • Distal: Farther from trunk (e.g., Phalanges are distal to carpals)
  • Superficial: On the surface (e.g., Muscles are superficial to viscera)
  • Deep: Away from surface (e.g., Muscles are deep to skin)
  • Ipsilateral: On the same side (e.g., Gall bladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral)
  • Contralateral: Opposite side (e.g., Ascending and descending colons are contralateral)
  • Parietal: Outer wall of a cavity (e.g., Parietal pleura surrounds lungs)
  • Visceral: Covering of an organ (e.g., Visceral pleura covers lungs)
• What are the two fundamental divisions of the body in regional terms?


  • Axial: Main axis of the body
  • Appendicular: Appendages that hang off the axis
• What are the common planes of movement in anatomy?


  • Sagittal: Divides body into right and left
  • Frontal/Coronal: Divides body into anterior and posterior
  • Transverse: Divides body into superior and inferior parts

  
• What is the difference between midsagittal and parasagittal planes?


  • Midsagittal: Sagittal plane runs down the midline
  • Parasagittal: Sagittal planes that are uneven and not down the midline
• What is an oblique plane in anatomical terms?


  An oblique plane is any type of angle other than horizontal and vertical.
• How is the abdomen divided into quadrants?


  • Divided into four clinical divisions called quadrants
  • Created by the intersection of the midsagittal and horizontal planes at the umbilicus
• What are the names of the abdominal quadrants?


  • Right Upper Quadrant
  • Right Lower Quadrant
  • Left Upper Quadrant
  • Left Lower Quadrant
• What are the definitions of the abdominal regions?


  • Hypochondrium: Under cartilage region
  • Epigastric: Above stomach region
  • Lumbar: Loin region
  • Iliac: Superior portion of hipbone or inguinal region
• What are the actions of muscles in anatomy?


  • Flexors: Decrease anterior/posterior angle
  • Extensors: Increase anterior/posterior angle
  • Abductors: Move away from midline
  • Adductors: Move towards midline
  • Levators: Move upwards
  • Depressors: Move downwards
  • Supinators: Palm upwards
  • Pronators: Palm downwards
  • Rotators: Move bone around its longitudinal axis
  • Sphincters: Decrease size of opening
  • Inversion: Sole towards midline
  • Eversion: Sole away from midline

  
• What are the two branches of science that help us understand the human body?


  • Anatomy: Structure of body parts and their relationships
  • Physiology: Function of the body and how parts work

  
• What does anatomy focus on?


  • Focuses on the structure of body parts
  • Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined
• What does physiology focus on?


  • Focuses on how organisms, organ systems, organs, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions