Text Types

• What are the main text types discussed in the study material?


  Definition, Exemplification, Description, Chronology/Procedure, Listing, Comparison & Contrast, Classification and Division, Cause-Effect, Problem-Solution, and Persuasion
• What is the purpose of a definition in text types?

  • Explains the nature of something
  • Describes the thing being defined
  • Cites examples to clarify concepts
  • Answers the question "WHAT DOES IT MEAN?"
• What are some signal words used in definitions?


  Is/are, for example, can be, is defined as, means, as defined
• How does exemplification function in text types?

  It presents a general statement followed by specific examples to expound on the main idea
• What are some signal words for exemplification?


  For example, for instance, in particular, namely, specifically
• What are the two patterns used in description?

  • Sensory pattern: Arranged based on the five senses
  • Spatial pattern: Arranged by location or physical space
• What are some signal words for spatial description?

  Above, across, adjacent to, along, behind, here
• What is the purpose of chronology/procedure in text types?

  • Organizes ideas according to time
  • Can be in narration or process
  • Essential parts include main idea, major dates/events, and order of presentation
• What are some signal words for chronology/procedure?


  After, before, during, finally, yesterday
• How does listing organize ideas?

  • Uses enumeration
  • Does not require chronological sequencing
  • Presents a series of items supporting the main idea
• What are some signal words for listing?

  Additionally, also, as well, further, in addition
• What is the focus of comparison and contrast in text types?

  • Organizes ideas based on similarities and differences
  • Can be arranged separately or side-by-side
  • Concentrates on purpose and points of comparison
• What are some signal words for comparing?


  Also, both, in comparison, similarly, likewise
• What are some signal words for contrasting?

  Although, but, conversely, in contrast, however
• What is the purpose of classification and division in text types?

  • Organizes ideas into categories based on criteria
  • Can classify people, objects, events, etc.
  • Important to note superordinate and subordinate ideas
• What are some signal words for classification and division?

  Another, classified as, the first category, final type
• What is the focus of cause-effect in text types?

  • Organizes details based on causes and effects
  • Discusses causes, effects, or both
  • Focuses on relationships and potential fallacies
• What are some signal words for cause?

  As, because, due to, since, owing to
• What are some signal words for effects?

  Accordingly, as a result, consequently, hence, therefore
• What is the structure of problem-solution in text types?

  • Starts with a negative situation (problem)
  • Ends with a positive situation (solution)
  • Discusses major effects and possible solutions
• What are some signal words for problem-solution?


  The problem is, one solution is, if/then, the solution
• What is the purpose of persuasion in text types?

  • Organizes ideas to show how evidence leads to a conclusion
  • Presents the issue, position, and supporting evidence
• What are some signal words for emphasizing a point in persuasion?


  Again, in fact, indeed, to emphasize, truly
• What are some signal words for concluding and summarizing?

  Accordingly, as a result, in conclusion, in brief
• What are some signal words for conceding a point?

  Admittedly, certainly, granted, needless to say, obviously