Management strategies

• What are physical features of volcanoes that can be monitored?

  • Water heated by magma causes steam erruptions
  • Heat melts snow
  • Rock fractures as rising magma causes earthquakes
  • Gases from rising magma
  • Sides of volcanoes swell as magma rises
• Why are volcanic erruptions more easily predicted?

  They give off many warning signs that can be monitored by:

  • Seismicity
  • Remote sensing
  • Ground deformation
  • Hydrology
  • Historical patterns of evidence
• Why is there little which can be done to protect against the power of volcanoes?

  • Sheer power of erruptions
  • Can use embankments or explosives to divert magma
• What types of planning can be used to overcome the hazardous effects of volcanoes?

  Hazard maps show the areas likely to be affected so they can be evacuated first.
• Why are earthquakes so hard to predict?

  • Mainly occur without warning
  • Lack of clear warning signs
  • Can use seismographs to see possible ones but has low accuracy
  • Can use historical evidence to predict areas most at risk
• Name features of an earthquake proof building


  • Rolling weights on roof - Counteracts shock waves
  • Walls reinforced with steel and concrete - Reduces movement
  • Automatic shutters come down over windows - Prevents broken glass falling
  • Open areas - Easy evacuation
  • Shcok absorbers - Absorb ground shaking
• What types of planning can be used to overcome the hazardous effects of earthquakes?

  Maps can show effects of an earthquake and areas most at risk to protect high value land so land most affected can be used for low value items e.g. farming or recreational spaces like parks.