Models Of Memory

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Folabomi♡

Cards (34)

Who created the Multi-Store Model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin- 1968
what is the multi-store model of memory?
it is the representation of how our memories is structured; it is a linear model with three stores
what are the three key stages in the multi-store Model of memory
-> sensory register
-> short term memory
-> long term memory
describe features the sensory register?
-> it is the first part of our memory where info is held
-> environmental stimuli (see, taste, smell, hear, feelings) are stored here
-> the capacity register of sensory register is relatively large, and it constantly receives info
-> duration of this store is very brief(less than a second)
-> it contains to main stores: -iconic codes (visual)
-echoic codes(acoustically-listen)
describe why attention is important in the multi-store model
-> it is the first part of remembering something-so it can be transferred into our STM
-> the capacity of STM is limited to 15-30 secs, therefore maintenance rehearsal is vital
What is it called when info disappears from STM if new info enters it?
displacement
how do we use info from our LTM
through retrieval- transfers info from our LTM to STM
-> retrieval and rehearsal is a fluid process- we ,ay draw something out of our LTM to remember it when we need it, but then we can let it go back to our LTM after use
Who created the working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
why was the multi-store model criticised
-> for over-simplifying the STM and LTM as a single store system.
what is the working memory model?
it was developed by Baddeley and Hitch which focuses specifically on the workings short-term memory
in the working memory model, how many limited capacity stores is it composed of, name them?
->3
->central executive- has two slave stores
->articulatory-phonological loop
-> visuo-spatial keyboard
explain the central executive
it manages attention, and controls info from the two slave stores- APL and VSS
explain the articulatory-phonological loop
it temporarily retains language based info, consists of:
-> an articulatory rehearsal process- ('inner voice') of language, including any language presented visually to convert to a phonological state in the
->phonological store-('inner ear'), which holds auditory speech info and order in which it was heard (or any visually-presented language converted by the articulatory process)
explain the visuo-spatial sketchpad
temporarily retains visual and spatial info
where did the three store STM stem from
it stemmed from a research using a 'dual-task technique'/ 'interference tasks' whereby performance is measured as participants perform two tasks simultaneously
what is the episodic buffer
it facilitates communication between the central executive and long term memory
give an observation provided evidence that suggests different limited capacity STM stores process different types of memory ?
>if one store is utilised for both tasks, then task performance is poorer than when they are completed separately, due to the store's limited capacity
->e.g repeating "the the the" aloud and reading some text silently would use the APL for both tasks slowing performance >if the tasks require different stores, performance would be unaffected when performing them simultaneously
give another observation that provides evidence that different limited capacity store STM process different types of memory
>if the tasks require different stores, performance would be unaffected when performing them simultaneously
-> e.g repeating "the the the" aloud whilst performing a reasoning task (requires attention, i.e the central executive, or whilst following a mobile stimulus with your eyes (using the visuo-spatial sketchpad)
give a supporting evidence for the WMM 
->Baddeley et al (1975)
->the aim was to investigate the existence of the phonological loop in STM
->procedure: participants saw everyday words displayed very quickly one after the other, they were then asked to write the words seen in serial order (the same order as on the list)
->condition 1: list contained five one-syllable English words
->conditions 2: the list contained five polysyllabic english words
what were the findings and conclusions from the experiment carried out to investigate the existence of the phonological loop? 
->from analysing several trials Baddeley found participants recalled shorter, one syllable words much better than the polysyllabic words-the word length effect
-> conclusion: the phonological loop has a role in the capacity of STM
->the amount you can hold in your STM is determined by the length of time it takes to say the words NOT the number of items
->it seems that the phonological loop holds the amount of info that you can say in 2 seconds
another supporting evidence of the WMM 
->Shallice and Warrington (1970)-evidence for different components
->the KF case study supports the WMM, KF suffered brain damage from a motorcycle accident that damaged his short-term memory
->KF's impairment was mainly for verbal info (phonological loop was affected)-his memory for visual info was largely unaffected
what were the findings of this case study that supports the idea that the STM has different components/stores? 
->it supports the WMM because it suggests that there is more than one store that process different types of info
->his phonological loop was damaged meaning he cannot remember what was said to him
->his VSS was intact cause anything he sees gets transferred to his LTM
are there any problems with using case studies and lab experiments in psychology?
->generalisation- the KF case study was based on one person, this therefore cannot speak on everyone due to individual differences
->using lab experiments feels like an artificial setting, with unrealistic tasks
what is a strength of the WMM and give an example 
->it has supporting evidence
->e.g Baddeley and Hitch found that participants remembered one syllable words much better than polysyllabic words
why is the WMM having supporting evidence a strength? 
->it supports the existence of the phonological loop and consequently the idea that the STM has more than one store
what is another strength of the WMM? give an example 
->there is supporting evidence for the WMM from brain damaged patients
->this is because KF suffered brain damage from a motorcycle accident that damaged his short-term memory.
->KF'S impairment was mainly for verbal info-his memory for visual info wasn't affected
why is the supporting evidence from the brain damaged patient a strength?
->patient KF struggled to recall separate types of sensory info, this supports the idea for separate stores within the STM.
->this therefore, supports the WMM and increases it's validity
what is a weakness of the WMM?, give an example. 
->the central executive isn't very well explained
->Baddeley (2003) stated that the central executive is the most important but least understood part of the working memoryu
why is the central executive not being well explained in the WMM a weakness  
this decreases the validity of the working memory model as we don't fully understand how it works
what is a strength of the MSM (multi-store model) 
->there is supporting evidence
->e.g. is the case of Clive Wearing, he suffered damage to his memory following an illness and was found to have an STM duration of 7 seconds
->rather than the typical 18-30 seconds
->new info was lost from Clive's STM very quickly, and he was unable to transfer it to his LTM
why is the supporting evidence from Clive Wearing a strength? 
his case supports the MSM because his situation implies that memory is indeed linear and requires transferring from the STM to LTM
what is the limitation of the MSM? 
->there is contradictory evidence for the MSM
->an example is Patient KF, injured in a motorbike accident, following his accident, his LTM was normal (able to transfer and make new LTMs)
->his STM was however so damaged, that he could only remember 2 items/'chunks' from lists that were read to him
->instead of the usual 7+/-2 items
why is the contradictory evidence from Patient KF a limitation? 
it is a limitation of the MSM because he could make new long-term memories without having to pass through his STM-it implies that memory isn't linear, suggesting that this model is flawed
what is the alternative theory of how memory works 
->the WMM suggests that there are multiple stores within the STM which process info and are responsible for different things, e.g auditory/visual/spatial info