Ch 2 Kinetic Particle Theory

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Eden

Cards (31)

What is the kinetic particle theory?
States that all matter is made up of tiny particles and these particles are in constant random motion
What are the features of the particles in a solid?
-very closely packed in an orderly manner
-vibrate only about their fixed positions
-very strong forces of attraction
-Very low kinetic energy of particles
-definite shape
-definite volume
-cannot be compressed
What are the features of the particles in a liquid?

-closely packed in a disorderly manner
-slide past one another freely throughout liquid
-less strong forces of attraction
-low kinetic energy of particles
-indefinite shape
-definite volume
-cannot be compressed
What are the features of the particles in a gas?
-very far apart in a disorderly manner
-move quickly and randomly in any direction
-very weak strong forces of attraction
-high kinetic energy of particles
-indefinite shape
-indefinite volume
-can be compressed
What happens to the particles when a substance is heated?
-Thermal energy transferred to substance from surrounding
-Some energy converted to Kinetic energy
-Higher kinetic energy -> higher temperature of substance to melting / boiling point
-Particles move faster and become further apart
What happens to the particles when a substance is cooled?
-Thermal energy transferred from substance to surrounding
-Lower kinetic energy -> lower temperature of substance
-Particles move slower and become closer together
What are transition temperature?
-Freezing (F) / melting (M) / boiling (B) points
-results in change of state
What happens to particles during melting?
-At melting point, Thermal energy is absorbed from surroundings
-Increased energy of particles, particles are able to overcome the very strong forces of attraction in the solid state
-Disrupts the orderly packing arrangement
(optional based on question)
Movement of particles: particles vibrating in their fixed positions begin sliding over each other freely throughout the liquid
Arrangement of particles: Particles become less closely packed and has a disorderly arrangement
What happens to particles during boiling?
-At boiling point, Thermal energy is absorbed from surroundings
-Increased energy of particles, particles are able to overcome the strong forces of attraction in the liquid state
(optional based on question)
Movement of particles: particles move quickly and randomly in any direction.
Arrangement of particles: Particles move further apart and is in a disorderly arrangement
What happens to particles when still heated past the melting point?
-After all the solid melts into liquid,
Thermal energy is again converted to kinetic energy
-particles move freely throughout liquid
-temperature rises beyond melting point
What happens to particles during freezing?
-At freezing point, Thermal energy is lost to surroundings
-decreased energy of particles, particles are drawn closer together by forces of attraction between them
(optional based on question)
Movement of particles: particles stop sliding over each other and begin vibrating in its fixed position
Arrangement of particles: Particles become more closely packed together and becomes more orderly
Why is the freezing point fixed?
-the particles are being drawn closer together by forces of attraction between them fully.
Why is the melting / boiling point fixed?
The particles are overcoming the forces of attraction between them
What happens to particles when still cooled past freezing point?
-The kinetic energy of particles is converted to thermal energy, and is transferred to the surroundings
-particles still vibrate about their fixed positions
-temperature decreases beyond freezing point
What happens in expansion in solids?
-solid heated at temperature below melting point
-particles vibrate more quickly about their positions
-particles have wider spacing than before
What happens during contraction in solids?
-Solid cooled at temperature above freezing point
-Thermal energy in particles is transferred to the surroundings
-particles possess lower kinetic energy and vibrate slower
-particles come closer than before
What happens to particles during condensation?
-Particles lose thermal energy to surroundings
-Particles have less energy and are drawn closer together by forces of attraction
(optional)
-arrangement: becomes more orderly
-movement: moves slower and begin sliding over each other
What happens during sublimation?
-Thermal energy from surroundings is transferred to solid
-Increased energy of particles and are able to overcome the very strong forces of attraction in the solid state
-particles in solid state rearrange themselves into gas state directly upon heating
(optional based on question)
Movement: Particles begin to move faster and randomly in any direction
Arrangement: Particles are far apart and are in a disorderly arrangement
What is the opposite of sublimation? What happens to particles during it?
-Vapour deposition
-particles in gas lose thermal energy to particles
-Decreased energy of particles, the particles are drawn closer together by forces of attraction in the gaseous state
-particles in gaseous state rearrange themselves into solid state directly when in contact with a cooled surface
(optional based on question)
Movement: particles slow down
Arrangement: particles become more closely packed and more orderly
What is diffision?
Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
How do the particles of gases move?
Air has tiny particles of different gases that move quickly and randomly
What are the conditons that affect the rate of diffusion?
-effect of temperature
-effect of particle mass
Why does temperature affect diffusion?
-Particles at higher temperature have more kinetic energy
-> liquids and gases move more quickly than solids
What is the relationship between temperature and the rate of diffusion?
As temperature increases, the rate of diffusion increases
How does particle mass affect diffusion?
-particles with greater mass require higher kinetic energy to move
->heavier particles diffuse more slowly than lighter particles at any temperature
-true for liquids and gases
What is an example of the effect of particle mass on diffusion using concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated aqueous ammonia?
1)hydrogen chlorine gas vaporised from concentrated hydrochloric acid
-ammonia gas vaporised from concentrated aqueous ammonia
-gases diffused from end of tube towards each other
2)2 gases meet, react and form white ammonia chlorine
-white ring former nearer to end with hydrogen chloride -> ammonia particles lighter than heavier particles of hydrogen chloride, making it move faster
Diffusion using bromine gas and air
1)Bromine particles are heavier than air.
-Due to random motion, bromine particles move upwards while air particles move in opposite direction
2)Gas jars appear to be same shade (observation)
-bromine particles and air spread evenly
-no further change/overall change in concentration despite particles still constantly moving
3)diffusion occured faster at higher temperature, particles possess greater kinetic energy
What is the relationship between particle mass and diffusion?
Higher particle mass, slower rate in diffusion
How does diffusion occur in tea?
-1) particles of tea diffuse from tea bag which is the higher region of concentration of tea to water which is the lower region of concentration of tea
-2)concentration of tea becomes same throughout cup
What are observations?
Based on 5 senses, sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste
How does diffusion occur in perfume?
1)liquid perfume sprayed -> volatile substance vapourise instantly
2) perfume vapours diffuse away from bottle through air into our noses