pharmacognosy

• What is the definition of pharmacognosy?

  Pharmacognosy is the knowledge of drugs derived from biological sources.
• What does the term "pharmakon" refer to in pharmacognosy?

  "Pharmakon" refers to a drug.
• What are the main features that pharmacognosy deals with?

  Pharmacognosy deals with biological, biochemical, and economic features of medicines of biological origin.
• What is an example of an animal product studied in pharmacognosy?

  Beeswax is an example of an animal product.
• What is the most comprehensive idea of the scope of pharmacognosy attributed to?

  The most comprehensive idea of the scope of pharmacognosy is attributed to Flukiger.
• What scientific disciplines are applied simultaneously in pharmacognosy?

  Various scientific disciplines are applied to acquire knowledge in pharmacognosy.
• What does toxicology study in relation to pharmacognosy?

  Toxicology studies the toxicity of plants.
• What is the significance of the term "materia medica"?

  Materia medica refers to substances and products derived from natural resources used by physicians in ancient times.
• What is the role of pharmacopoeia?

  Pharmacopoeia contains monographs that provide detailed information about drugs.
• What did the Babylonians contribute to pharmacognosy?

  The Babylonians created clay models of the human body and had early writings indicating awareness of the medicinal effects of plants.
• What is the significance of the Papyrus Ebers?

  The Papyrus Ebers is an ancient Egyptian document that provides insights into medicinal practices.
• What does Ayurveda emphasize in its practice?

  Ayurveda emphasizes balance in health and healing.
• Who is Pedanios Dioscorides and what did he contribute?

  Pedanios Dioscorides authored "De Materia Medica," which includes information on 600 plants.
• What are some examples of plants mentioned by Dioscorides?

  Examples include aloe, belladonna, colchicum, opium, ergot, and digitalis.
• known for Galenical pharmacy and his formulation of Galen's cerate.

  
  

  Claudius Galen
• Who is Christianus Aenotheus and what did he contribute?

  Christianus Aenotheus contributed to pharmacognosy and authored "Analecta Pharmacology."
• What is the difference between natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic substances?

  Natural substances are directly obtained, synthetic substances are made in a lab, and semi-synthetic substances are derived from nature.
• What are crude drugs?


  Are vegetable and animal drugs that consist of collected and dried products.
• What is the purpose of extracting chief principles from crude drugs?

  Extracting chief principles allows for more specific use of the drugs.
• It is a solvent used in the extraction process.

  menstruum
• What is the role of organoleptic evaluation in drug assessment?

  Organoleptic evaluation uses the organs of sense to assess the drug's characteristics.
• What does microscopic evaluation detect in drugs?

  Microscopic evaluation detects the presence of adulterants in drugs.
• What is the purpose of biological evaluation in pharmacognosy?

  Biological evaluation assesses pharmacologic activity through bioassays.
• What does chemical evaluation determine in drugs?

  Chemical evaluation determines the potency of the drugs.
• What does physical evaluation assess in drugs?

  Physical evaluation assesses physical constants such as solubility.
• What are the classifications of drugs in pharmacognosy?

  • Alphabetical: quick reference, no interrelationship indication
  • Taxonomic: based on botanical classification, precise and ordered
  • Pharmacologic: based on action
  • Chemical: based on active constituents
• Ancomponents that have no definite therapeutic effect.

  Inert constituents
• What are secondary plant substances?

  Secondary plant substances are extracted, crystallized, and purified components from plants.
• What is biogenesis in the context of pharmacognosy?

  Biogenesis refers to the production of secondary metabolites from primary metabolites in plants.
• What is the method of maceration in drug preparation?

  Maceration involves placing solid ingredients in a prescribed solvent to extract active components.
• What are the steps involved in the preparation of drugs?

  1. Collection and drying of raw materials
  2. Extraction of active constituents
  3. Removal of moisture to prevent microbial growth
  4. Special drying processes
  5. Final preparation and protection for marketability
• What is the purpose of drying in drug preparation?

  Drying removes moisture to prevent microbial growth and enzyme degradation.
• What is the significance of the sweating process in drug preparation?

  The sweating process may activate inactive forms of certain compounds.
• What is the final step in drug preparation?

  The final step is the removal of extraneous matter.
• What is the purpose of protection in drug preparation?

  Protection ensures marketability and prevents insect attacks.
• Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?

  Carolus Linnaeus developed the binomial system of nomenclature.
• What are the two parts of the binomial nomenclature?

  The two parts are genus and species.
• What does "s.l." signify in plant nomenclature?

  "s.l." signifies that a plant has more synonyms than other names.
• What is the significance of plant taxonomy in pharmacognosy?

  Plant taxonomy provides a taxonomic approach to studying medicinal agents from natural sources.
• are processes that produce secondary metabolites from primary metabolites in plants.

  Biosynthetic pathways