Pharmacognosy

• What are functional groups in organic chemistry?

  Specific atoms or groups of atoms within organic molecules that determine their chemical reactions and properties.
• How do functional groups influence the properties of organic compounds?

  They determine the chemical properties, reactivity, and behavior of the compounds in reactions.
• What is an example of a functional group found in alcohols?

  The hydroxyl group (-OH).
• What is the role of functional groups in organic chemistry?

  They help predict chemical behavior and are used in naming organic compounds.
• What are the key characteristics of functional groups?

  - Specific arrangement of atoms - Determine chemical properties - Consistent across different molecules - Site of reactivity in organic compounds
• What is a homologous series?

  A family of organic compounds with similar chemical properties due to having the same functional group but differing in the number of carbon atoms.
• How do members of a homologous series differ from each other?

  They differ by a -CH2- unit.
• What is the significance of having the same functional group in a homologous series?

  It leads to similar chemical properties among the compounds.
• What is the general formula for alkanes in a homologous series?

  CnH2n+2.
• What is the simplest alkane?

  Methane (CH4).
• What is the simplest alkyne?

  Ethyne (C2H2), also known as acetylene.
• What distinguishes alkenes from alkanes?

  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond, while alkanes have only single bonds.
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  CnH2n.
• What is the significance of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes?

  It allows for addition reactions and can exhibit geometric isomerism.
• What are some common functional groups and their properties?

  1. Hydroxyl group (-OH): Found in alcohols, increases water solubility. 2. Carbonyl group (C=O): Found in aldehydes and ketones, responsible for flavors. 3. Carboxyl group (-COOH): Found in carboxylic acids, makes molecules acidic. 4. Amino group (-NH2): Found in amines, makes molecules basic. 5. Alkene group (C=C): Found in alkenes, site of addition reactions. 6. Ether group (R-O-R'): Less reactive than alcohols.
• What is the suffix used for naming alkenes?

  -ene.
• What is an example of a compound containing a carbonyl group?

  Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO).
• How does the hydroxyl group affect the solubility of organic compounds?

  It increases the water solubility of the compounds.
• How do the properties of compounds in a homologous series change as the carbon chain length increases?

  There is a gradual change in physical properties like boiling point and melting point.
• What is the defining feature of aldehydes?

  Aldehydes have a carbon-oxygen double bond at the end of a carbon chain.
• What is the defining feature of ketones?

  Ketones have a carbon-oxygen double bond within a carbon chain.
• Provide an example of an aldehyde.

  Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) is an example of an aldehyde.
• Provide an example of a ketone.

  Acetone (CH3COCH3) is an example of a ketone.
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  The functional group of carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group (-COOH).
• Which type of reaction occurs when an alkane reacts with steam to produce an alcohol and hydrogen gas?  Steam cracking
• Which type of reaction occurs when an alkane reacts with chlorine gas to form a haloalkane?  Halogenation