L22

• What are the main objectives of the lecture on ageing population?

  To understand the ageing population and its challenges and opportunities, describe ageing associated changes in tissues, and the positive effects of exercise for older adults.

  
• What is sarcopenia?


  Sarcopenia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with ageing.
• What is osteoporosis?


  Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone density, leading to fragile bones.

  
• What are the positive effects of exercise for older adults?

  Exercise improves functional health, increases muscle mass, and enhances feelings of well-being.
• How has the population of people aged 65 and over changed in New Zealand since 1980?

  The number of people aged 65 and over has doubled since 1980 and is likely to double again by 2036.

  
• What was the global life expectancy in 2000?

  66.8 years
• What was the global life expectancy in 2019?

  73.4 years
• What is Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) and how has it changed from 2000 to 2019?

  HALE increased by 8% from 58.3 years in 2000 to 63.7 years in 2019.
• What is the relationship between life expectancy and HALE?

  The increase in HALE (5.4 years) has not kept pace with the increase in life expectancy (6.6 years).
• What do Western societies aim for regarding longevity and disabling conditions?

  They aim to attain longevity while minimizing the onset and impact of disabling conditions.
• What is the societal perception of ageing, and how does it affect older adults?

  Negative attitudes towards ageing are widespread and can lead to slower walking speed and worse cognitive abilities in older adults.

  
• What is the "Compression of Morbidity" hypothesis?

  It suggests that total lifetime morbidity would be compressed to a shorter span of time at the end of life.
• What are the four strategies for morbidity compression?

  1. Primordial prevention: prevention of risk factors from developing.
  2. Primary prevention: reduction of risk factor prevalence.
  3. Secondary prevention: prevention of disease progression.
  4. Tertiary prevention: reduction of morbid states that have already occurred.

  
• What factors contribute to normal ageing?

  Normal ageing is associated with chronological age, functional age, and subjective age.
• What is the definition of sarcopenia?


  Sarcopenia is characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength.
• What are the main reasons for loss of muscle mass in older adults?

  Loss of muscle mass can be due to anorexia, dehydration, cachexia, and changes in muscle fiber types.
• What is the impact of sarcopenia on older adults?

  Sarcopenia leads to increased disability, frailty, fall risk, and loss of independence.
• What is osteoporosis characterized by?

  Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in bone density, leading to fragile bones.
• What are the primary causes of osteoporosis?

  Primary causes include menopause and age-related changes.
• What are the secondary causes of osteoporosis?

  Secondary causes include steroids, thyrotoxicosis, hyperparathyroidism, inactivity, and smoking.
• Why is osteoporosis a problem for the ageing population?

  Osteoporosis leads to frequent fractures and a large burden on the healthcare system.
• What are the health benefits of physical activity for older adults?

  • Healthier body composition
  • Improved functional health
  • Increased bone density
  • Improved sleep quality
  • Enhanced performance in activities
  • Enhanced feelings of well-being
  • Decreased anxiety and depression
  • Specific benefits for chronic health conditions

  
• What are the benefits of strength training for older adults?

  • Delays loss of muscle
  • Targets type II muscle fibers
  • Improves overall muscle strength
  • Increases and maintains bone mineral density
  • Reduces rate of sarcopenia and osteoporosis
  • Improves insulin sensitivity

  
• What is the conclusion regarding the ageing population and muscle and bone strength?

  Muscle strength and bone strength are critical to independence but decline from middle age onward.
• How can muscle weakness and osteoporosis be addressed?

  Both conditions are amenable to prevention and treatment through lifestyle changes and strength training.