PR2

• is defined as “a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables

  Quantitative Research
• Involves identifying relationships between two variables.

  is “a statistical measure of association between two variables

  Correlational
• Looks at causes and effects

  refers to “the claim that a change in one variable creates a change in another variable”

  Causal
• ●It may be cross-sectional or longitudinal.

  Survey Design
• acquires information at one point in time.

  Cross-sectional survey
• acquires information at multiple points in time to compare, contrast, and assess changes in responses.

  Longitudinal Survey
• It is also called the questionnaire

  It contains closed-ended questions with fixed answers that will be given to the selected sample

  Survey Instrument
• ●provides a general report of the results of the survey which may include frequencies or average scores.

  Descriptive analysis
• makes comparisons among the survey results to establish and explain relationships.

  inferential analysis
• is a type of quantitative research aimed at causation.

  Experimental research
• receives the experimental treatment or intervention

  Experimental Group
• does not receive an intervention, it is still a part of the experimental research to assess similarities or differences with the results drawn from the experimental group.

  Control group
• is the treatment variable. It causes and explains the effect

  independent variable
• is the outcome variable. It is the effect. It is the response to the application of or changes in the independent variable

  dependent variable
• This is the stage prior to the actual intervention. There is no interaction yet between the variables of the study.

  Pre-Test
• This is the conduct of the experiment or the application of the intervention itself.

  Actual Intervention
• This is the stage after the actual intervention. It is the stage after the interaction of the independent and dependent variables.

  Post-Test
• Stages of Experimental Procedure

  Pretest, Actual Intervention, PostTEst
• in research simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way.

  Variable
• also called causal variable,  is presumed to cause the change towards another variable

  independent variable
• are the variables that are influenced by the independent variable

  Dependent Variable
• intervening variables since they intervene between the independent and dependent variables to show their connection.

  Mediating Variable
• are variables that have a strong conditioned effect, which may modify the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

  Moderating Variables
• is any variable not being investigated that has the potential to affect the outcome of a research study. 

  Extraneous variable
• is a specific type of extraneous variable that is related to both the independent and dependent variables, potentially misleading the results by creating a false impression of the relationship between them.

  Confounding variable
• These are original, first-hand sources of information collected directly from participants or observations. They provide raw, unfiltered data that has not been interpreted or analyzed by others

  Primary Sources
• •These are interpretations, analyses, or syntheses of primary sources. They have been collected and reported by other researchers or institutions.

  Secondary Sources