Topic test - cell structure/organisation

• What is the primary function of ribosomes?

  Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
• What are ribosomes made of?

  Ribosomes are made of a large and a small subunit constructed from rRNA and protein.
• What are the two sizes of ribosomes found in cells?

  The two sizes of ribosomes are 70s in prokaryotes and 80s in eukaryotes.
• What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions?

  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:
  • Covered in ribosomes for protein synthesis
  • Cisternae transport the protein
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:
  • Synthesis and transport of lipids
• What is the function of the Golgi body?

  The Golgi body modifies and packages proteins.
• What does the Golgi body produce besides proteins?

  The Golgi body produces secreting enzymes, secreting carbohydrates, and glycoproteins.
• What is the role of vacuoles in cells?

  Vacuoles contain cell sap and are surrounded by the tonoplast membrane.
• What is the composition of the cell wall in plants?

  The cell wall is made from cellulose microfibrils and pectin.
• What is the permeability of the cell wall?

  The cell wall is fully permeable for the transport of substances.
• How does the cell wall contribute to plant strength?

  The cell wall provides strength to the plant.
• What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

  Plasmodesmata allow communication through the cell wall.
• What are centrioles and where are they found?

  Centrioles are found in animal cells and are made of two rings of microtubules.
• What is the significance of cell theory?

  Cell theory states that new cells are formed from other existing cells and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living organisms.
• What type of cells are animal and plant cells classified as?

  Animal and plant cells are classified as eukaryotic cells.
• What is found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?

  DNA is found within a nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
• What is chromatin composed of?

  Chromatin is composed of DNA coils bound to protein.
• What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

  The nuclear envelope is a double membrane with pores that allows mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus.
• Where are RNA and ribosomes made in the cell?

  RNA and ribosomes are made in the nucleolus.
• What occurs in the mitochondria?

  Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
• Why are mitochondria cylindrical in shape?

  Mitochondria are cylindrical in shape for a large surface area and reduced diffusion distance.
• What do thylakoids in chloroplasts contain?

  The thylakoids of the chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis.
• What does the endosymbiotic theory suggest about mitochondria and chloroplasts?

  The endosymbiotic theory suggests that the presence of 70s ribosomes and DNA in both mitochondria and chloroplasts indicates they were once free-living cells engulfed by ancient bacteria.
• What is the basic unit of life?

  The cell
• What types of organisms have cells?

  All organisms, including unicellular and multicellular organisms
• What types of cells are included in eukaryotic cells?

  Cells found in plants, animals, and fungi
• What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not
• What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

  Bacterial cells
• What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

  It separates the cell from the outside environment
• What is the structure of the cell surface membrane primarily composed of?

  A lipid bilayer
• What are membrane-bound organelles and their function in eukaryotic cells?

  • Membrane-bound organelles are discrete sections within eukaryotic cells.
  • They carry out specific functions necessary for the cell's survival.
  • Examples include the nucleus, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum.
• What is the main function of ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• What does the term "eukaryotic" mean?

  Containing a nucleus
• What is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell?

  The nucleus
• What is the shape of the nucleus typically described as?

  Spherical
• What is contained within the nucleus?

  The DNA of the cell
• What is the role of DNA in the cell?

  It contains the information for producing proteins
• What is the structure that helps package DNA in the nucleus?

  Histone proteins
• What is chromatin?


  DNA combined with histone proteins
• What separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell?

  The nuclear envelope
• What is the nuclear envelope made of?

  Two lipid bilayers