Psychopathology

• Failure to Function Adequately

  No longer cope with everyday life

  Help see when to get help

  Hard to differ from social norms
• Deviation from ideal mental health


  Jahoda's criteria

  Discussed between theoretical views

  Firmly based on western ideas
• Statistical Infequencies

  How often we come across something unusual

  Used in clinical practices

  Being at one end isn't always unusual
• Deviation from the Social Norms

  People defined certain behaviours as abnormal

  Used in clinical practice

  Something abnormal in one culture is different in the next
• Phobias

  Specific, Social, Agoraphobia

  B - Panic, Avoidance, Endurance

  E - Anxitey, fear, unreasonable

  C - Selective attention, irrational beliefs, distortions
• Two Process Model - Mowrer


  CC - Watson and Rayner made fear in Little Albert

  OC - Negative reinforcement

  Dental treatment fear came with trauma

  Geared towards behavioural and ignores cognitive aspects
• Systematic Desensitisation

  Anxiety hierarchy, Relaxation, Exposure

  Gilroy followed 42 who used SD and were less fearful then control at 3/33 mth

  Alternatives aren't suitable for people with learning disabilities
• Flooding


  No option for avoidance, achieve relaxation due to exhaustion of fear response

  for avoidance

  Cost and clinically effective

  Ethically questionable
• Depression

  Major DD, Persistant DD, Disrupive modd D, Premenstrual DD

  B - Anxiety, Disruption, Agression

  E - Low mood, Anger, low self esteem

  C - Poor concentration, Dwelling on negative, Absolutist thinking
• Beck Neg Triad


  Faulty info processing, Neg self-schema, Neg triad (World, future, self)

  Cohen - screened adolescents and predicted depression

  Partial explanation and ignores biological aspects
• Ellis's ABC Model

  Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences

  David et al - Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy to argue with thoughts

  Some depression isn't triggered by events (endogenous rather than reactive)
• CBT

  D - Identify thoughts and challenge them with homework

  E - Vigorously argues either empirical (evidence) or logical

  Behavioural activation to avoid hard situations

  Ali et al - Doesn't last, 43 with 6mths and 53 with 1yr

  Behavioural

  May not be able to engage with CBT so has no effect
• OCD


  OCD, Trichotillomania, Hoarding

  B - Repetitive, Anxiety, Avoidance

  E - Anxiety and distress, Depression, Guilt and disgust

  C - Obsessive thoughts, Coping starts, Excessive anxiety
• Genetic explanation

  Lewis - 37 had parents with it and 21 had siblings

  Diathesis Stress/Candidate genes - more vulnerability

  Combination can increase but may vary between people

  Nestadt - review twin studies and 68 for identical and 31 for nonidentical/ 4x more likely if the family was diagnosed

  Over half diagnosis experience trauma, more serve the more severe
• Neural Explanation


  Serotonin transmission doesn;t happen causing low mood, reduction in function

  Decision making systems, abnormal function in frontal lobe or parahippocampal gyrus dealing in bad emtions

  Antideps work assuming some biological origin

  Co-morbidity depression may disrupt serotonin
• Drug Therapy

  SSRI - stops serotonin from being reabsorbed, dosage varies and can take 3-4mth

  Can be used with CBT

  Tricyclics are same as SSRIs but with worse side effects

  SNRI works on Noradrenaline as well as serotonin, last defense

  Cheap compared to psychological therapy and is nondisruptive

  Serious side effects like 1/10 weight gain or 1/100 are aggressive with heart problems