Key terms

• What is validity in research?

  Validity is the accuracy of your research.
• What does internal validity measure?

  Internal validity measures the extent to which your experiment or observation measures what it intends to measure.
• What are demand characteristics in research?

  Demand characteristics are cues that participants use to work out the aim of the study or what the researcher expects to find.
• How do extraneous variables affect research?

  Extraneous variables are any variables other than the variable you are measuring that could impact the outcome of your research.
• Why is quantitative data considered less likely to have bias?

  Quantitative data is less likely to have bias because there is a clear way to interpret the data.
• What is researcher bias?

  Researcher bias occurs when the researcher intentionally or unintentionally impacts the outcome of the research.
• What are the key points regarding generalizability in obedience research?

  • Milgram's research was conducted in a laboratory at Yale University.
  • Participants may not behave the same way in real-world situations.
  • Destructive obedience may be less likely in everyday situations.
  • Gender differences may affect obedience behavior.
• What is reliability in research?

  Reliability refers to how consistent your results are.
• What does it mean if another researcher can replicate your study?

  If another researcher can replicate your study, it indicates that your results are reliable.
• What is test-retest reliability?

  Test-retest reliability involves testing and retesting the same people with the same test to see if you get the same results.
• What is inter-observer reliability?

  Inter-observer reliability is the extent to which two observers agree on their observations.
• How can you improve inter-observer reliability?

  You can improve inter-observer reliability by using a behavior checklist and being more specific about categories of behaviors.
• What is an example of a specific behavior to include in a checklist for inter-observer reliability?

  An example is specifying "smiling for 2 seconds" in the behavior checklist.