Anatomy and physiology exam 2

• What is the primary focus of Chapter 6 in the study material?


  Hormones and cartilage
• Which type of cartilage will not be seen on the test?

  Elastic cartilage
• Where is hyaline cartilage found?

  In all joints, ribs, respiratory, and nasal areas
• What is fibrocartilage associated with?


  The menisci of the knee
• What provides tensile strength in fibrocartilage?


  Thick collagen fibers
• What surrounds cartilage?


  Perichondrium
• What is the starting material of cartilage?


  Matrix
• What type of cartilage is found in the epiphysis?


  Hyaline cartilage
• What is appositional growth?


  Growth towards the outside
• What is interstitial growth?


  Growth towards the inside
• What are periosteum and endosteum?


  Membranes associated with bone
• What is the focus of slide 20?


  Parts of the long bone
• What should you know about bone cells?


  Their functions, not projections
• What are osteogenic cells?


  Stem cells in bone
• What do osteoblasts do?


  Secrete osteoid to form new bone
• What are osteocytes?


  Mature bone cells trapped in lacunae
• What is the function of osteoclasts?


  Break down bone tissue
• Where do osteoclasts originate from?


  White blood cells
• What triggers osteoclast activity?


  Low calcium levels, triggered by parathyroid hormone
• What do bone lining cells do?


  Make more periosteum
• What is the structure of spongy bone?


  Trabeculae with a honeycomb-like shape
• What is the difference between organic and inorganic components of bone?

  Organic includes osteogenic cells, inorganic includes minerals
• What is endochondral ossification?


  Bone formation starting with hyaline cartilage
• What does intramembranous ossification mean?


  Bone formation within the tissue being grown
• What does the term "proliferate" refer to in bone growth?


  Making more cells
• What is hypertrophy in the context of bone growth?


  Making existing cells larger
• What is calcification?


  The process of depositing calcium in bone
• What is ossification?


  The process of bone formation
• What role does the thyroid play in growth?


  It modulates growth hormone and regulates sleep and mood
• What is the function of parathyroid hormone?


  Regulates calcium levels in the blood
• What is osteomalacia?


  A condition where bones become brittle due to low calcium
• What is rickets?


  A condition affecting bone development in children
• What is Paget's disease?


  A disorder that disrupts the normal remodeling of bone
• How many cranial bones are there?


  Eight cranial bones
• What is the hyoid bone known for?


  It has horns and can strangle
• What is the maxillary sinus?


  The biggest sinus in the body
• What is the function of the atlas and axis in the vertebral column?


  They support the skull and allow head rotation
• What is the significance of the jugular and clavicular veins?


  They transport blood to the brain and from the clavicle
• What is the sternum's medial end known for?


  It is rougher where the bone is
• What is the trochanter?


  A feature only found in the femur