Overview of metabolism

• What is metabolism?


  All the reaction in the cell/organism
• What is the main function of metabolism?


  to extract energy from the environment to synthesis complex materials required for life
• How many different substrates and product required for the basic function of e.coli?


  100
• Does catabolic or anabolic extract energy?


  catabolic
• what are the 6 types of reactions that occur in metabolism?

  Oxidation and reduction

  ligation

  isomerisation

  group transfer

  hydrolysis

  lyase-catalysed
• Why are cofactors evolutionarily conserved?


  They are thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable
• What are the main functions of metabolism?

  catabolism and anabolism
• what is the definition of catabolism?


  extraction of biologically useful forms of energy
• what drives anabolic reactions?


  potential energy generated from catabolic reactions
• What is a ligation reaction?


  Formation of covalent bonds
• what is isomerization?


  rearrangement of atoms to form isomers
• What is group transfer?


  transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another
• What is hydrolytic reaction?


  cleavage of bond by the addition of water
• what is a functional group?


  Arrangement of atoms which have consistent reactivity and give the molecule characteristic chemical properties
• what is a lyses?


  carbon bond cleavage by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation
• what is succinate oxidaised to?


  fumarate, electrons are lost to FAD
• why is the breaking of ATP energically favourible?


  the negative charge repelling each other on the phosphate groups
• What are some co-factors?


  Coenzyme A

  FAD

  NAD
• What is the reactive group of acetyl coA?


  thio-ester bond
• When are cofactors kinetically stable?


  in absence of specific catalyst
• what is oxidation-reduction reaction?

  electron transfer
• what catalyses the ligation of pyruvate?

  pyruvate carboxyliase
• what happen in the first stage of glycolysis?

  charge transfer between phosphate group to glucose,

  trapping close in the cell so it cannot be transferred out of the cell
• Are lyase catalysed reactions ATP dependent?

  No
• What is meant by the term activated carriers?

  It is energetically favorable for ATP to carry and then donate that terminal phosphate
• Why is ATP energetically stable?

  The repulsion of electrostatic charges
• what does acetyl CoA release?


  Energetically favorable to release two carbon unit
• What to occurs to cofactors in the absence of an enzyme?


  resist oxidation and release of electrons or hydrolyse slowly
• What enables biological control of energy?

  enzymes, they lower the activation energy of co-factor's oxidation
• What happens to the Gibbs energy when oxidation occurs?


  decreases as electrons are donated to oxygen, forming CO2
• according to the periodic table what is an energetically favorable reaction?

  moving electrons from the left side to the right side (more electronegative)
• what increases the efficiency of fuels?

  Ones that are more reduced, as more electrons can be passed to oxygen