7 Blood Donation & Component Preparation

• Blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusion

  • Involves collecting blood from a donor so it can be used to treat someone else
• Directed blood donation is when the blood is intended for the use of specific patient

  • A donation in which the recipient chooses the donor
  • Blood from directed donors is no safer than from the volunteer blood supply
• Allogenic blood donation is a whole blood donation

  • Blood donated is intended for the use of general patient population [e.g., Mass blood donation]
• Autologous blood donation is when blood is donated by the owner for future use → “Donor-patient”
• Apheresis is a type of blood donation in which a specific component of the blood is only extracted, and the remaining components are returned to the donor 2-3 hours (done)

  • Separation of components is based on specific gravity or weight
• Continuous flow centrifugation is a method in apheresis where process of withdrawal, processing and reinfusion of the blood is performed simultaneously in a continuous manner

  • 2 venipuncture sites are needed
  • one is for withdrawal
  • the other is for reinfusion
• Types of Apheresis (PPLEH)

  • Plateletpheresis
  • Plasmapheresis
  • Leukapheresis
  • Erythtocytapheresis
  • HPC Pheresis
• Voluntarily, non-remunerated blood donors donates on his own free will, without receiving any payment
• Personal or Commercial blood donor donates blood for the sake of money
• Family or Replacement blood donor donates blood for somebody in the community.

  • Allows family and friends to make donations to replace blood that was utilized by you
• Walk-in donor are more common in allogeneic donations
• Walking donor waits for the signal to donate; they already passed the screening test (with rare blood type)

  • For patient who need fresh blood
• Medical history interview in donor screening is done by the physician, as well as medtechs
• Medical history interview is done in a form of Questionnaires: to protect the donors, to protect the recipient
• Age requirement for allogenic blood donation should be ≥ 16 or 17 years old
• In blood donation,

  • 18 years old below must have parental consent
  • 65 years old above must have physician’s consent
• Autologous blood donation has no age and weight requirements
• Required temperature of blood donors should not be more than 37.5 °C or 99.5 °F
• Required pulse rate of blood donors should be 50-100 bpm
• Required blood pressure of blood donors should be:

  • Systolic → 90-160 mmHg
  • Diastolic → 60-100 mmHg
• Blood extraction/Bleeding is done in 15-30 minutes

  • BE ALERT for the donor’s reaction/s
• Mild donor reactions includes:

  • Syncope
  • Nausea/Vomiting
  • Hyperventilation
  • Twitching/Spasms
  • Convulsions
  • Sweating
  • Dizziness
  • Anxiety/Nervousness
  • Palpitations
  • Pallor
• Moderate donor reactions includes:

  • Reactions seen under the mild category in addition to loss of consciousness
  • Decreased pulse rate
  • Hyperventilation
  • Drop in systolic pressure to 60 mmHg
• Severe donor reactions includes:

  • Convulsions
  • Marked hyperventilation
  • Epilepsy
• Blood storage should be first in, first out

  • A loss of viability and function and function associated with certain biochemical change that happens when blood is stored in vitro
  • Decreased glucose, ATP, sodium, ph, WBC and DGP
  • Increased plasma hemoglobin, Potassium, Lactate dehydrogenase, ammonia
• Storage temperature of whole blood and WBC should be 1-6 °C or less than/equal -65 °C
• Storage temperature of plasma should be -18 °C or -65 °C
• Storage temperature of platelets should be 20-24 °C, with constant agitation
• Storage temperature of granulocytes and leukocytes should be 20-24 °C
• Deferral is the prevention of the donor from donating
• Permanent deferral is when prospective donor will never be eligible to donate blood for someone else

  • May be eligible to donate autologous blood only
  • May result from testing performed on previous donation

  
• Temporary deferral is when donor is unable to donate blood for a limited period of time

  • e.g., donor has to receive a blood transfusion; deferral of 12 months from date of transfusion // donor received vaccination for yellow fever, defer for two weeks from date of vaccination
• Temporary deferral is subjected to 3 years deferral when

  
• Temporary deferral is subjected to 1 year deferral when

  
• Temporary deferral is subjected to 2 months deferral when:

  • Donor had recent blood donation
• Temporary deferral is subjected to 1 month deferral when

  
• Temporary deferral is subjected to 6 weeks deferral when:

  • Donor had delivery of baby (AABB)
  • in the Philippines (9 months after child birth)
• Temporary deferral is subjected to 48 hrs deferral when

  
• Temporary deferral is subjected to 12 hrs deferral when:

  • Donor had alcohol intake
• Temporary deferral is subjected to 4 hrs deferral when:

  • After smoking