the third civil war

• What was the concern regarding a new King coming from a figurehead?


  Some Parliamentarians wanted a figurehead that aligned with their views.
• Why did some royalists prefer Charles II over Charles I?

  They wanted Charles II because they wanted a monarchy but they did not like Charles I.
• What was the motto of the New Model Army (NMA)?


  'If God be with us who be against us.'
• Who was the commander in chief of the NMA?


  Oliver Cromwell
• What significant action did the Rump Parliament take in February 1649?


  They voted to abolish the monarchy and created a republic.
• What was formalized in May 1649 regarding the monarchy?


  Acts to abolish the monarchy and House of Lords were formalized.
• What was the purpose of the Engagement Act of January 1650?


  It required all adult males to declare loyalty to the Commonwealth.
• Why was the Engagement Act not fully enforceable?


  It was not possible for them to enforce this act.
• What did the Treason Act of July 1650 make illegal?


  It made it illegal to deny the authority of the regime as vested in the Commons.
• What did individuals have to do under the Treason Act?


  They had to swear an oath and not question the authority.
• What was Scotland's position regarding Charles Stuart?


  Scotland declared Charles Stuart as Charles II, King of Scotland.
• What was Argyll's role in relation to Charles II?


  Argyll persuaded Charles II to accept the terms of the Covenant for military aid.
• What was Fairfax's stance on fighting the Scots?


  Fairfax refused to fight the Scots.
• What was the population decrease in Ireland during this period?


  There was a 40% decrease in the Irish population.
• Why did some Irish support Charles Stuart after the regicide?


  Some Irish supported Charles Stuart after the regicide due to loyalty to the monarchy.
• What was Cromwell's objective in Ireland in August 1649?


  Cromwell aimed to impose English Protestant control and punish Catholics for the 1641 rebellion.
• What did Cromwell accuse the Irish of in his declaration to the Catholic clergy?


  Cromwell accused the Irish of committing barbarous massacres against the English in 1641.
• By 1650, what was the status of Ireland under Cromwell's control?


  The majority of Ireland was under control, except for a few strongholds.
• What was Cromwell's goal regarding Irish Catholics?


  Cromwell wanted to defeat the Irish Catholics' ability to pose a serious threat to English authority.
• What did Cromwell's actions in Ireland demonstrate about his power compared to Charles?


  They showed that Cromwell was stronger than Charles and could achieve what Charles could not.
• What happened when Cromwell left Ireland in May 1650?


  Cromwell left Ireton to impose further English control, with the army of occupation lasting until 1660.
• What significant battle occurred in September 1650?


  The Battle of Dunbar
• What was the situation of Cromwell's army during the Battle of Dunbar?


  Cromwell's army was outnumbered 11,000 against 20,000 Scots.
• What did Cromwell claim to hear before the battle?


  Cromwell heard a voice telling him that he would win if he fought correctly.
• What was the outcome of Cromwell's attack during the Battle of Dunbar?


  The Scots began to fall back and collapse under pressure.
• What was Charles II's ultimate aim during his invasion of England in 1651?


  To secure the English throne.
• What obstacles did Charles II face during his invasion of England?


  Desertions reduced his force to 13,000 troops, and he received little support from the English.
• What was the impact of the republic's intelligence network during Charles II's invasion?


  The intelligence network foiled various plots to overthrow the republic.
• What happened to Charles II's troops at Worcester?


  They were heavily outnumbered by NMA troops led by Harrison and Lambert.
• What was Cromwell's initial stance on the Church of England?


  Cromwell wanted a 'tolerant Church of England' but preferred puritanism.
• What actions did Cromwell take regarding Christmas and entertainment?


  Cromwell banned the feast day of Christmas, theatres, and singing.
• What were the key events leading to the establishment of the Commonwealth?


  • February 1649: Rump votes to abolish monarchy.
  • May 1649: Acts formalizing abolition of monarchy and House of Lords.
  • January 1650: Engagement Act requires loyalty declaration.
  • July 1650: Treason Act makes denying authority illegal.
• What were the consequences of Cromwell's actions in Ireland?


  • 40% decrease in Irish population.
  • Imposition of English Protestant control.
  • Majority of Ireland under control by 1650.
  • Cromwell's actions demonstrated strength against Charles Stuart.
• What were the challenges faced by Charles II during his invasion of England?


  • Desertions reduced his force to 13,000.
  • Little support from the English population.
  • Uncommitted Scottish general Leslie.
  • Effective intelligence network of the republic.
• What were Cromwell's policies regarding religion and entertainment?


  • Sought a 'tolerant Church of England' but favored puritanism.
  • Banned Christmas celebrations, theatres, and singing.