20-21

• What is the definition of coping mechanisms in health?


  Coping mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies to cope with reality and maintain self-image.
• According to Freud, what are defense mechanisms?


  Defense mechanisms are methods the ego uses to avoid recognizing anxiety-causing ideas or emotions.
• What is the most common defense mechanism?


  Denial is the most common defense mechanism.
• How do defense mechanisms protect a person?


  They protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
• What are the types of defense mechanisms?


  • Acting Out
  • Avoidance
  • Denial
  • Displacement
  • Dissociation
  • Identification
  • Intellectualization
  • Isolation
  • Projection
  • Rationalization
  • Reaction Formation
  • Repression
  • Sublimation
  • Introjection
  • Minimization
  • Regression
  • Substitution
  • Undoing
• What does 'acting out' refer to in defense mechanisms?


  Acting out involves coping with stress by engaging in actions rather than acknowledging feelings.
• What is 'avoidance' in the context of defense mechanisms?


  Avoidance is staying away from situations that might cause unwanted feelings.
• How is 'denial' defined as a defense mechanism?


  Denial is the refusal to believe or accept an unpleasant reality.
• What does 'displacement' mean in defense mechanisms?


  Displacement involves transferring emotions from one person or situation to another that is less threatening.
• What is 'dissociation' in the context of defense mechanisms?


  Dissociation is detaching from reality and oneself to cope with stress or conflict.
• What does 'identification' refer to in defense mechanisms?


  Identification is unconsciously modeling another person's values, attitudes, or behavior.
• How does 'intellectualization' function as a defense mechanism?


  Intellectualization involves using reason and logic to avoid uncomfortable emotions.
• What does 'isolation' mean in the context of defense mechanisms?


  Isolation involves avoiding the experience of an emotion associated with a person or situation.
• What is 'projection' in defense mechanisms?


  Projection is attributing one's own feelings or thoughts onto someone else.
• How is 'rationalization' defined as a defense mechanism?


  Rationalization involves justifying one's behavior with logical reasons.
• What does 'reaction formation' mean in defense mechanisms?


  Reaction formation involves adopting behaviors that are the opposite of one's true emotions.
• What is 'repression' in the context of defense mechanisms?


  Repression is forcing out distressing thoughts or memories from conscious awareness.
• How does 'sublimation' function as a defense mechanism?


  Sublimation involves substituting socially acceptable behaviors for unacceptable impulses.
• What does 'introjection' refer to in defense mechanisms?


  Introjection is accepting others' norms and values into oneself.
• What is 'minimization' in the context of defense mechanisms?


  Minimization is not acknowledging the significance of one's behavior.
• How is 'regression' defined as a defense mechanism?


  Regression involves resorting to an earlier, less demanding level of functioning.
• What does 'substitution' mean in defense mechanisms?


  Substitution is replacing a highly valued object with a less valuable one.
• What is 'undoing' in the context of defense mechanisms?


  Undoing involves actions designed to cancel disapproved thoughts or acts to relieve guilt.
• When did the term victimology first appear?


  Victimology first appeared in 1949.
• What does victimology study?


  Victimology studies victims and victimization, including relationships with offenders and the justice system.
• How is victimology defined from the victim's perspective?


  Victimology is the scientific study of all types of victims, especially crime victims.
• What are the two major types of victimology according to Jan Van Dijk?


  General Victimology and Penal Victimology.
• What are the stages in the Victims of Crime Model?


  1. Stage of Impact & Disorganization
  2. Stage of Recoil
  3. Reorganization Stage
• What are the stages in the Disaster Victim's Model?


  1. Pre-impact
  2. Impact
  3. Post-impact
  4. Behavioral outcome
• What is the definition of victimization?


  Victimization refers to the process of being victimized.
• What are the types of victimization?

  Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Victimization.
• What is the relationship between a complainant and a defendant?


  If there is a complainant, there must be a defendant.
• What is logomacy?


  Logomacy is the idea that there is no crime without criminal law.
• What are the types of civil damages?

  1. Moral Damages
  2. Actual or Compensatory Damages
  3. Nominal Damages
  4. Temperate Damages
  5. Liquidated Damages
  6. Exemplary Damages
• What are moral damages?


  Moral damages are compensation for physical suffering, mental anguish, and similar injuries.
• What are actual or compensatory damages?


  Actual or compensatory damages are compensation for proven pecuniary loss.
• What are nominal damages?


  Nominal damages are awarded to recognize a violated right.
• What are temperate damages?


  Temperate damages are moderate damages awarded when pecuniary loss cannot be precisely proved.
• What are liquidated damages?


  Liquidated damages are agreed upon amounts to be paid in case of breach of contract.
• What are exemplary damages?


  Exemplary damages are corrective damages imposed for public good.