Sedation and anaesthesia

• the upper airway muscles are innervated by which nerve?

  Hypoglossal nerve
• which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

  Phrenic nerve
• which is safer in the patient with respiratory distress, GA or heavy sedation?


  general anaesthetic as it ensures a secured airway (ET tube)
• does butorphanol provide analgesia?


  no
• premedication options for dogs with respiratory insufficiency include...

  1. Opioid alone
  2. Dexmedetomidine (alpha-2 but low dose doesn’t have the bad side effects) OR acepromazine OR benzodiazepine, AND the opioid methadone (or butorphanol if no painful procedure planned)

   

  Ketamine can be added to either premed recipe which can help reduce "puffy" brachycephalics
• Cyanosis is a sign of an oxygenation crisis that warrants immediate O2 supplementation. The ability to see cyanosis indicates that approximately 5 g of Hb is in the reduced form or is not carrying O2. However, it can be difficult to visually determine cyanosis in certain situations, such as in poor lighting conditions or if the animal is severely anaemic.
• Unless the animal is cyanotic, the benefit of preoxygenation is that it provides a longer time before a patient becomes hypoxic during apnoeic periods; for example, following anaesthetic induction.

  • Unless the animal is in respiratory distress and is hypoxic prior to anaesthesia, preoxygenation may not benefit the animal and may actually precipitate additional failure through excitement or anxiety.
• fill in the blanks

  
• fill in the blanks

  A) give a manual breath and listen

  B) verify the oxygen is getting to the patient

  C) check spO2 probe