Earth Sci

• What is the definition of science?

  Science is a systematic study of structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.
• How is technology defined in relation to science?

  Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
• How does science differ from technology?

  Science discovers facts, while technology creates things.
• What does methodology in science involve?

  Methodology includes a set of rules and methods for conducting scientific investigations.
• What are the main processes involved in scientific investigations?


  Processes include observing, classifying, measuring, inferring, predicting, experimenting, interpreting data, and communicating.
• What is the role of technology in human life?

  Technology is used to solve problems, make life easy, and improve things.
• What is the first step in the scientific method?

  Identifying the problem.
• What is a hypothesis?

  A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or prediction for the problem.
• What is the purpose of controlled experiments?

  To increase the accuracy of results by minimizing the influence of variables.
• What is the independent variable in an experiment?


  The factor that is changed during an experiment.
• What does sample size refer to in scientific experiments?


  The number of trials or subjects in the experiment.
• Why is replication important in experiments?


  To ensure the results are reliable by repeating factors multiple times.
• What is the nominal scale in data measurement?


  Numbers are used for labeling purposes only and do not represent a quantitative value.
• What is the difference between ordinal and interval scales?


  Ordinal scales assign numbers based on ranking, while interval scales have equal intervals but no true zero point.
• What is the definition of variability in data?

  Variability refers to the spread or dispersion of data points around a central tendency.
• How is the range calculated in data analysis?

  The range is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum data points.
• What does standard deviation measure?


  Standard deviation measures the spread of data in the same units as the original data.
• What is the interquartile range (IQR)?


  The IQR is calculated as the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1) of the data set.
• What does skewness indicate in a probability distribution?


  Skewness indicates the asymmetry of a probability distribution.
• How does kurtosis affect a probability distribution?


  Kurtosis describes the peakedness or flatness of a probability distribution.
• What is the purpose of data transformation?

  Data transformation changes the data’s scale or units to facilitate analysis.
• What is the goal of data cleaning?


  The goal of data cleaning is to improve data quality and reliability of the analysis.
• What is matter defined as?


  Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
• What are phase changes?


  Phase changes are changes from one state of matter to another, involving absorption or release of heat or energy.
• How does heat affect matter?


  When heat is added to matter, particles move faster and its temperature rises; when heat is removed, particles slow down and its temperature falls.
• What is the melting point?


  The melting point is the specific temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.
• What is freezing in terms of phase transition?


  Freezing is the phase transition in which a liquid changes to a solid.
• What is boiling defined as?


  Boiling is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure.
• What is condensation?


  Condensation is the process in which a gas changes into a liquid.
• What is a chemical change?


  A chemical change results in the formation of one or more new substances and is often difficult to reverse.
• What is a physical change?


  A physical change affects the physical properties of a substance but does not affect its chemical composition.
• What are mixtures?

  Mixtures are combinations of different materials that retain their original properties and can be physically separated.
• What are some techniques used to separate mixtures?

  Techniques include filtration, evaporation, distillation, chromatography, magnetism, and decantation.
• What is mass defined as?


  Mass is defined as the quantity of matter contained in a body.
• How is weight different from mass?


  Weight is the force with which the Earth pulls a body towards its center of gravity, while mass is an invariant quantity.
• What is density?


  Density is defined as the mass of a unit volume of a substance.
• How can the density of solids be determined?


  The density of solids can be determined by measuring its mass and volume.
• What is viscosity?


  Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid.
• What is surface tension?


  Surface tension is a phenomenon relating to the surface of liquids in contact with other phases.
• What is the boiling point?


  The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure.