misc

• What is the standard treatment for a ferret presenting with complete cessation of eating, lethargy, and lack of faeces, indicating a potential obstruction?

  IVFT, analgesics +/- laparotomy
• You are presented with a 2-year-old male entire guinea pig that has a 1-week history of severe pruritus and self-trauma over his dorsal body. On clinical examination there is mild crusting, erythema, alopecia, and ulceration to his dorsal body. What would be your top differential diagnosis for this case?

  trixacarus caviae
• Trixacarus caviae mites (sarcoptic mange mite) can cause extreme clinical signs because they cause extreme itchiness which may result in seizures and death. 
• The two most common types of mites in guinea pigs are hay mites and Trixacarus caviae mites. Hay mites also known as static mites run up and down the hair shafts of the guinea pig. Trixacarus caviae burrows under the skin of the guinea pig and causes intense itching. 
• which season is typically associated with trixacarus caviae?

  autumn as this is when guinea pigs are brought indoors
• trixacaus caviae = mange mite
• you have a terrapin fed an all-meat diet, what is he predisposed to?

  hypovitaminosis a
• Which vitamin must be provided in a guinea pigs diet?

  C
• A lack of vitamin C in a guinea pig's diet can lead to a condition known as scurvy, which can cause symptoms such as poor appetite, weight loss, lethargy, rough coat, swollen joints, and bleeding gums. To prevent this, it is important to provide guinea pigs with a diet that includes sufficient vitamin C.
• Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhoea, and large palpable intra-abdominal masses are all common symptoms of FIP/enteritis/coronavirus.
• A 1-year-old leopard gecko is presented to you with inappetence. On clinical examination, he has reddened oral tissues and thick pus within the mouth. What would be your top differential diagnosis in this case?

  infectious stomatitis
• The most commonly isolated bacteria associated with infectious stomatitis are Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, and Salmonella.
• Trixacarus caviae is a sarcoptic mange mite affecting mainly guinea pigs but also has zoonotic potential.  It is the commonest cause of skin disease in guinea pigs. The mite could remain latent and become clinically active when the animal is under stress or immunocompromised. 
• What vaccine is recommended for ferrets in the UK?

  canine distemper
• what is the prognosis like for ferrets with heat stress?

  poor
• What potential complications should be considered when administering aspirin to ferrets?

  Gastric ulceration and irritation
• What is the recommended method to assess the heartbeat of a reptile for determining death?

  Doppler ultrasound
• A 4-year-old female entire guinea pig is presented to you with non-pruritic symmetrical alopecia over the dorsum and flanks and marked abdominal distension. Her owner also noted that she vocalises a lot when being picked up. On clinical examination her abdomen was very distended and numerous small round soft structures were felt. The rest of her clinical examination was unremarkable. What is your top differential?

  cystic ovarian disease
• You are presented with an 18-month-old male entire rabbit due to inappetence, lethargy and ‘funny breathing’. He is not vaccinated and on clinical examination he appears depressed; Bilateral blepharitis, conjunctivitis and marked thickening to both eyelids. You diagnose the rabbit with myxomatosis. What would be the most appropriate treatment for this case?

  euthanasia

  
• When treating dental disease in guinea pigs, it is important to understand the expected response to treatment. An expected response to treatment is a return to normal appetite and the ability to orally process food. However, some guinea pigs may initially be hesitant or reluctant to resume normal eating habits due to previous discomfort or learned behaviour.
• What is the normal resting heartbeat for a healthy ferret?

   200 to 250 beats/min.
• You are an exotics vet, a client asks you to perform a necropsy on his daughter’s Leopard Gecko. You perform a necropsy and find small yellow/white nodules on the surface and within the tissues of the kidneys. A swollen, pale liver often is shown to have excessive fat accumulation; you note that multiple joints have white small nodules. What is the most likely cause of death in this lizard? 


  gout
• Gout is characterized by the deposition of urate crystals in various tissues, including the kidneys, liver, and joints, leading to organ damage and dysfunction. This condition can result in severe health issues and, ultimately, death.
• Quarantine is a critical practice when introducing new chelonians to an existing collection. It helps prevent the spread of diseases and parasites to healthy individuals. The recommended quarantine period for chelonians is generally 60 days to allow for the detection and treatment of any potential health issues before introducing them to the main collection. This period helps ensure the overall health and biosecurity of the captive chelonian population.
• You are presented with a 2-year-old male entire guinea pig that has a 1-week history of severe pruritus and self-trauma over his dorsal body. On clinical examination there is mild crusting, erythema, alopecia, and ulceration to his dorsal body. What would be the most appropriate diagnostic test to perform in order to diagnose your top differential for this case?

  Deep skin scrape for trixacarus caviae
• What is the correct sequence for supporting breathing and the airways in birds during an emergency situation?

  Check for obstruction on mouth/glottis, deliver supplemental O2 by facemask, start IPPV, place an appropriate uncuffed ETT in trachea, start thoracic compressions.
• how long are ferrets carriers after being infected with Ferret enteric coronavirus (FECV) / Epizootic catarrhal enteritis?

  6 to 9 months
• What is the most common cause of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs?

  Streptococcus zooepidemicus
• Cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs is usually caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus. This bacterium enters the guinea pig's body through the upper respiratory tract (URT) or abrasions in the oral mucosa or bite wounds. It causes local lymphadenitis, leading to swelling or abscessation of the cervical lymph nodes. In some cases, the infection can enter the bloodstream and result in a rapidly fatal septicaemic state.
• this was found in a rabbits ear, what is the most appropriate treatment?

  ivermectin

  
• Owner brought in a 5-year-old, entire jill (female ferret) with concerns of decreased activity and hair loss. Blood tests reveal the ferret is immunocompromised. The owner said the ferret has never been bred since she has been under her care, which was 2 years ago. What is the best prevention for the above situation considering the history?

  Suprelorin implant
• Where are intraperitoneal injections typically administered in guinea pigs?

  Lower left quadrant of the abdomen.
• A ten-year-old male ball python is presented to you with central nervous signs: opisthotonos, loss of righting reflex and ataxia. No other signs are reported by the owner. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

  Inclusion body disease. 
• Which clotting factors are affected by warfarin and other second-generation agents in ferrets?

  Factors II, VII, IX, and X
• A 3-year-old, 0.79 kg spayed female ferret presented with a mass in the end of the tail. The ferret was housed indoors, was fed with a commercial ferret formula and had free access to water. What would be your top differential diagnosis?

  Chordoma
• What is the normal resting respiratory rate for a healthy ferret?

  30 to 35 breaths/min
• What is the preferred treatment for hyperestrogenism in a ferret with anaemia and thrombocytopenia?

  100 IU hCG IM to induce ovulation
• A 6-month-old ME French Lop is presented to you as his owner has noticed changes to the skin around his eyelids, perineum and genital region. On clinical examination you notice a marked erythema, oedematous scabs and ulcers around his eyes, genitals and perineum. What would be your top differential diagnosis for this case?

  Treponema cuniculi
• Treponema cuniculi (Rabbit syphilis) = a gram negative spirochete.
• What is the standard treatment for symptomatic ferrets that have ingested chocolate?

  Induce vomiting up to 8 hours after ingestion