Fast recap

• Who is classical conditioning associated with?

  Pavlov
• What is the process of classical conditioning?


  • Pairing of Neutral Stimulus (NS) with Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
  • NS becomes Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
  • CS elicits Conditioned Response (CR)
• What is the formula for classical conditioning?


  NS + UCS = UCR
• What happens after many pairings of NS and UCS?


  NS becomes CS and elicits CR
• What is the importance of timing in classical conditioning?


  NS must occur shortly before UCS
• What is extinction in classical conditioning?


  CS loses ability to produce CR after trials without reinforcement
• What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?


  CS and UCS paired again, link is made more quickly
• What is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?


  CR occurs to stimuli similar to CS
• How has classical conditioning been applied in therapy?


  • Used in treatment of phobias
  • Helps in behavior modification
• When is classical conditioning appropriate for learning?


  For some forms of learning, such as preparedness
• What is operant conditioning based on?


  Experimental work that establishes cause-effect relationships
• What determines the likelihood of repeating a behavior in operant conditioning?


  Consequences of the behavior
• What is positive reinforcement?


  Pleasant consequences that increase behavior likelihood
• What is negative reinforcement?


  Removal of an unpleasant stimulus that increases behavior likelihood
• What is continuous reinforcement?


  Effective for establishing a behavior
• What is partial reinforcement?


  Effective for maintaining a behavior
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?


  Adding an unpleasant consequence or removing a pleasant stimulus
• What is a criticism of operant conditioning research?


  Over-reliance on non-human animals, ignoring free will
• What is a limitation of behaviorist explanations?


  They ignore the role of cognitive and emotional factors