Muscular systems

• What are the two types of muscle fibers?

  Slow twitch and fast twitch
• What are the characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibers?


  • Dark red in color
  • Slow contraction speed
  • Slow to fatigue
  • Can sustain force for an extended time
  • Cannot generate a significant amount of force
• What are the characteristics of Type 2 muscle fibers?


  • White in color
  • Fast contraction speed
  • Fast to fatigue
  • Can provide bigger and more powerful forces over a shorter period
• Why might an individual who excels in long-distance running not be effective in short-distance sprinting?


  Because long-distance running uses Type 1 slow twitch muscles, which are slow contracting and cannot produce a lot of force.
• What is the color and contraction speed of Type 1 muscle fibers?

  Dark red and slow contraction speed
• What is the color and fatigue speed of Type 2 muscle fibers?

  White and fast to fatigue
• What are the types of muscle contractions?

  • Static contraction: Muscle provides tension but stays the same length
  • Isotonic contractions: Muscle changes length under tension
  • Concentric: Muscle shortens
  • Eccentric: Muscle lengthens
  • Isometric: Muscle stays at the same length under tension
• What is an example of a static contraction?

  The human flag
• What happens during the upward phase of a bicep curl?

  The bicep contracts and shortens
• What is the role of the antagonist during a bicep curl?

  The tricep relaxes
• What are the agonist and antagonist muscles during a squat?

  • Agonist: Quadriceps
  • Antagonist: Hamstring (downward phase) and Quadriceps (upward phase)
• What is the prime mover when bending at the knee while running?

  Hamstring
• What is the prime mover when straightening the arm during a tennis serve?

  Bicep
• What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?


  Isotonic contractions involve muscle length changes, while isometric contractions involve no length change.
• What is the origin of a muscle?


  The origin is the proximal attachment closer to the midline that is fixed during contraction.
• What is the insertion of a muscle?


  The insertion is the distal attachment further away from the midline that creates movement during contraction.
• What are the origins and insertions of the biceps and triceps?


  • Biceps:
  • Origin: Scapula
  • Insertion: Radius
  • Triceps:
  • Origin: Scapula
  • Insertion: Humerus
• What are the origins and insertions of the quadriceps and hamstrings?


  • Quadriceps:
  • Origin: Pelvis
  • Insertion: Tibia + Fibula
  • Hamstrings:
  • Origin: Pelvis
  • Insertion: Tibia and Fibula
• How many muscles are there in the human body?

  600 muscles
• What are the functions of the major upper body muscle groups?

  • Biceps: Flexion of the elbow joint
  • Triceps: Extension of the arm at the elbow joint
  • Deltoids: Abduction of shoulder away from the body
  • Pectorals: Rotation of humerus and adduction of arm towards body
  • Abdominals: Stabilization of spine
  • Trapezius: Movement of head and shoulder blades
  • Latissimus Dorsi: Movement of shoulder joint
  • Obliques: Rotation of upper body
• What are the functions of the major lower body muscle groups?

  • Hamstrings: Flexion of the knee when walking or running
  • Quadriceps: Extension of leg at knee joint
  • Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexion at ankle joint
  • Gluteals: Extend the hip joint allowing the leg to move backward
  • Hip flexors: Flexion at the hip to bring leg forward
  • Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexion to raise the toes towards the shin