Realism and liberalism ideologies

• What type of power is considered the most effective in international politics?

  Hard power
• Why is hard power essential for states?

  It allows states to defend themselves and use military force as a threat
• How does economic power contribute to a state's influence globally?

  It is essential for punishing other states, such as through economic sanctions
• What advantage does hard power provide to countries regarding their national interests?

  It enables countries to be more self-reliant and act in their own national interest
• Why is hard power appealing to democratic governments?

  Many voters see importance in feeling economically secure and protected by a strong military
• What role does hard power play in autocratic states?

  It is important to maintain or enforce stability
• What is a key benefit of hard power in terms of intervention?

  It can provide quick intervention
• What is a limitation of antagonistic behavior in international relations?

  It can lead to isolation of states
• How does soft power influence states in the long term?

  It spreads culture, ideas, and values, winning over hearts and minds
• What is the significance of alliances in an interlinked world?

  They are essential for fulfilling common interests
• How long does it take to build soft power?

  It needs to be built up over many years
• In what contexts would hard and soft power be more effective?

  • Depends on the state's national interests
  • Main objectives of the state
  • Different views from liberals and realists on effectiveness
• What theoretical perspective argues that hard power is the dominant form of power?

  Realist perspective
• What do realists believe about hard power and state sovereignty?

  They argue that without sufficient hard power, a state's sovereignty is weakened
• How is hard power viewed in an anarchic system?

  It is crucial as states compete and conflict is inevitable
• How is soft power achieved according to liberal theory?

  Through persuasion and cultural and diplomatic appeal
• What is the significance of soft power in a globalized world?

  It is increasingly important for promoting stability
• What do softer realists believe about hard and soft power?

  They see merits in using soft power to reinforce hard power
• Who coined the term "soft power"?

  Joseph Nye
• What was Bush's approach during the War on Terror?

  He used military power to lead a coalition in Afghanistan and Iraq
• What military action did Obama order in various countries?

  Drone strikes in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria
• What was Russia's action in Crimea in 2014?

  It was a clear challenge to Ukraine's sovereignty through hard power
• What economic measures were taken against Russia due to its actions in Crimea?

  Economic sanctions by various countries and organizations
• What military action did President Trump take against the Assad regime?

  He launched 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles
• What did Obama's Cairo speech signify in US foreign policy?

  It marked a move towards increased use of soft power
• How did Biden's inauguration speech reflect a focus on soft power?

  It included themes of healing, restoring, and building
• What was the formation of BRICS aimed at achieving?

  To increase their soft power and diplomatic influence
• How is Americanisation related to globalisation?

  It refers to the significant global cultural influence of the US
• How did Germany exert its soft power during the migrant crisis?

  By taking a leading role and accepting large numbers of refugees
• What is an example of soft power during the COVID-19 pandemic?

  The international appeal of leaders like New Zealand's Jacinda Ardern
• How did the Obama administration combine hard and soft power in the Middle East?

  By using soft power in speeches and hard power through drone strikes
• How does the UN exemplify smart power?

  It offers aid and humanitarian relief while enforcing sanctions and military intervention
• What are the key terms related to types of global power?

  • Hard power: economic and military strength
  • Soft power: cultural, economic, and diplomatic strength
  • Smart power: combination of hard and soft power
• What is power defined as in the study material?

  The ability to exert influence through various means over others.
• How do nation states exercise control globally?

  By using various methods to achieve their desired outcomes.
• What do realists believe about nation states?

  They exist in a ‘self-help’ environment without a supranational authority.
• What is the liberal perspective on power among nation states?

  Power is interwoven and interconnected globally, benefiting from cooperation and competition.
• What evidence is provided for shifting power dynamics?

  The rise of MINT and BRICS countries and the establishment of the G20.
• When was China's AII established?

  In 2015.
• What is economic power measured by?

  GDP, trade, debt, economic stability, and contributions to international programs and NGOs.