Lombroso

• Who suggested the atavistic form as an explanation for offending behavior?

  Lombroso
• What did Lombroso argue about criminals in relation to non-criminals?


  He argued that criminals are biologically different and have an innate predisposition to behave anti-socially.
• How did Lombroso describe criminals in terms of human evolution?


  He saw them as a more primitive form of human, less civilized than modern humans.
• What is the term used by Lombroso to describe the physical features of criminals?


  Atavistic form
• What type of data did Lombroso use to support his claims about atavistic features?


  Measurements from almost 4,000 criminals and skulls of nearly 400 dead criminals.
• What are some examples of atavistic features identified by Lombroso?


  • Heavy brow
  • Large strong jaw
  • Large ears
  • Extra nipples or extra fingers/toes
• What non-physical trait did Lombroso associate with criminals?

  Insensitivity to pain
• What criticism did Lombroso's research face regarding scientific rigor?


  He had no control group to compare the features of criminals to.
• Who conducted a study that compared London convicts to a control group?

  Goring
• What was Goring's conclusion regarding criminal behavior and physical appearance?


  He found no significant difference and concluded that criminal behavior is not linked to physical appearance.
• What title is Lombroso often referred to in criminology?


  Father of modern criminology
• How did Lombroso's approach differ from previous views on criminality?


  He attempted to use a more scientific explanation rather than a religious perspective.
• How have ideas about criminal types evolved since Lombroso's time?


  They have become more sophisticated, with concepts like criminal personality and offender profiling emerging.
• What did Hooton find in his study of male prisoners in the US?


  He found differences between prisoners and a control group, but the characteristics were not the same as Lombroso's atavistic features.

  
• What characteristics did Hooton identify as being associated with criminals?


  Sloping foreheads, protruding ears, and narrow jaws.
• What limitation is mentioned regarding the determination of causation in atavistic traits?

  Atavistic traits may be common among criminals but do not necessarily cause offending behavior.