EcologicalValidity: in lab experiments like these variation studies, this type of validity is low. The artificial setting does not represent real life.
PopulationValidity: the samples in the variation studies do not represent of the wider population, so they lack populationvalidity.
TemporalValidity: the findings from the variation studies (1950s) may not reflect how people would behave today. Therefore they lack temporalvalidity.
MundaneRealism: the tasks the participants were asked to complete do not reflect those they would experience in everydaylife.