Monitoring, Prediction, Protection, Planning

• What are the four strategies to reduce risks from a tectonic hazard?

  Monitoring, prediction, protection, and planning
• What is monitoring in relation to tectonic hazards?

  Using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of earthquakes or volcanic eruptions (e.g. seismometers, thermal imaging, gas sensors)
• How are volcanoes monitored?

  • Seismometers detect earthquakes.

  • Thermal imaging detects rising magma.

  • Gas sensors measure changes in gas emissions.
• How are earthquakes monitored?

  Seismometers detect foreshocks, but earthquakes can’t be reliably predicted
• What is prediction in relation to tectonic hazards?

  Using monitoring data and historical records to forecast when and where a hazard might occur
• How are volcanoes predicted?

  By analysing earthquake patterns, gas emissions, and ground deformation to forecast eruptions
• Can earthquakes be predicted?

  No, not accurately – only areas at risk can be identified based on past events
• What is planning in relation to tectonic hazards?

  Preparing for future hazards through evacuation plans, emergency kits, hazard maps, and drills
• What is protection in relation to tectonic hazards?

  Reducing the impact through buildings designed to withstand earthquakes and barriers to stop lava or ash flow
• Give examples of protection against earthquakes

  Shock-absorbing foundations, automatic gas shut-off, flexible buildings, reinforced walls
• Give examples of protection against volcanoes

  Lava diversion barriers, strengthening roofs against ash fall, evacuation plans