Respiration stages

• What is the process that occurs without oxygen during respiration?

  Lactate fermentation
• What are the end products of lactate fermentation?


  Lactate, ethanol, and carbon dioxide
• What is the first step of anaerobic respiration?

  Anaerobic glycolysis
• What is the initial substrate for glycolysis?


  Glucose
• What is produced from pyruvate in the link reaction?


  Acetyl CoA
• What cycle follows the link reaction in aerobic respiration?

  Krebs cycle
• What gas is released during the Krebs cycle?


  Carbon dioxide
• What is the final stage of aerobic respiration?


  Oxidative phosphorylation
• What is required for oxidative phosphorylation to occur?


  Oxygen
• What are the main stages of respiration?

  • Anaerobic respiration:
  • Anaerobic glycolysis
  • Lactate fermentation
  • Aerobic respiration:
  • Glycolysis
  • Link reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
• Compare anaerobic and aerobic respiration in terms of oxygen requirement and end products.


  • Anaerobic respiration:
  • No oxygen required
  • Produces lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • Aerobic respiration:
  • Requires oxygen
  • Produces carbon dioxide and water
• What are the main stages of cellular respiration?

  Glycolysis, Link Reaction, Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation
• What occurs during glycolysis?


  • Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
  • Takes place in the cytoplasm
  • Does not require oxygen
• Where does glycolysis take place?


  In the cytoplasm
• What is produced during glycolysis?


  2 molecules of pyruvate
• What happens during the Link Reaction?


  • Pyruvate is decarboxylated
  • Acetate is formed
  • Acetate combines with CoA to form Acetyl-CoA
  • Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
• What is the main product of the Link Reaction?


  Acetyl-CoA
• What occurs during the Krebs Cycle?


  • Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle
  • Produces NADH and FADH2
  • Releases CO2 as a waste product
  • Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
• What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?


  NADH, FADH2, and CO2
• What is oxidative phosphorylation?


  • The final stage of cellular respiration
  • Involves the electron transport chain
  • Produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
  • Takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane
• What is the role of ADP in oxidative phosphorylation?


  ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP
• How does the process of decarboxylation occur in the Link Reaction?


  Pyruvate loses a carbon atom, releasing CO2
• If glucose is a 6-carbon molecule, what is the number of carbons in pyruvate after glycolysis?


  3 carbons
• What is the function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?


  To transfer electrons and produce ATP
• What is the significance of phosphorylation in cellular respiration?


  It converts ADP to ATP, storing energy
• What is the structure of a mitochondrion?


  A mitochondrion has a double membrane with an inner and outer membrane.
• What are the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called?


  The folds are called cristae.
• What is the fluid part of the mitochondrion called?


  The fluid part is called the matrix.
• What is the process of respiration in cells?


  Respiration is the process in which cells break down glucose to release energy to produce ATP.
• What does aerobic respiration require?


  Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
• What are the products of aerobic respiration?


  The products are carbon dioxide, water, and lots of ATP.
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?


  The equation is glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy.
• What role do coenzymes play in respiration?


  Coenzymes are molecules that some enzymes need in order to function.
• Name the coenzymes involved in respiration.


  The coenzymes are NAD, FAD, and coenzyme A.
• What is phosphorylation?


  Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.
• What is decarboxylation?


  Decarboxylation is the loss of carbon dioxide from a molecule.
• What does oxidation mean in the context of respiration?


  Oxidation is the loss of hydrogen or loss of electrons.
• What does the acronym "oil rig" stand for?


  "Oil rig" stands for oxidation is loss, reduction is gain.
• What is dehydrogenation?


  Dehydrogenation is the loss of hydrogen atoms from a molecule.
• What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link reaction
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation