unit 1 bio

• What cellular structures should be recognized in micrographs?

  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Mitochondria
  • Rough and smooth ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vesicles
  • Lysosomes
  • 80S ribosomes
  • Centrosomes
• What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

  Contains genetic information and regulates activity
• What is the role of the nucleolus?

  Site of rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly
• Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?

  At 80S ribosomes
• What does 80S refer to in ribosomes?

  Size of eukaryotic ribosomes
• What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

  Protein synthesis on ribosomes
• What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) synthesize?

  Lipids and carbohydrates
• What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

  Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles
• What do vesicles do in a cell?

  Transport materials throughout the cell
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?

  Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
• What is the diameter range of mitochondria?

  0.5 - 1.0 µm
• What is oxidative phosphorylation?

  Final stage of aerobic respiration producing ATP
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Two phospholipid membranes with cristae
• What is the function of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

  Site of electron transport chain and ATP synthase
• What is the role of lysosomes?

  Break down waste materials inside the cell
• What are the three main functions of lysosomes?

  Digest macromolecules, repair membranes, respond to pathogens
• What is the function of centrosomes?

  Organize microtubules and regulate cell division
• What are centrosomes made of?

  Two centrioles made of microtubules
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Provides a selectively permeable barrier for the cell
• What is the structure of cell membranes?

  Made of phospholipid bilayers and proteins
• What are intrinsic proteins?

  Proteins embedded in the membrane
• What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

  Reduces fluidity and secures peripheral proteins
• What is the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

  Describes membranes as fluid and mosaic-like
• What is microscopy?

  Using microscopes to view small samples
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  Ability to distinguish between two points
• How does increasing magnification affect resolution?

  It does not increase resolution
• What limits the resolution of light microscopes?

  The wavelength of light used
• Why do electron microscopes have higher resolution?

  Electrons have a smaller wavelength than light
• What is a limitation of light microscopy?

  Lower magnification and resolution
• What does the fluid mosaic model describe?

  Cell membranes as mosaics of proteins
• Why are cell membranes described as mosaics?

  Due to the scattered pattern of proteins
• What is microscopy?

  The use of microscopes to view small samples
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  The ability to distinguish between two points
• Does increasing magnification improve resolution?

  No, it does not increase image resolution
• What limits the resolution of light microscopes?

  The wavelength of light
• How does light diffraction affect resolution?

  It causes light waves to spread out
• What type of images do light microscopes produce?

  2D images
• What is the maximum magnification of light microscopes?

  X 1500 to X 2000
• What is the maximum resolution of light microscopes?

  200 nm
• Can light microscopes view living samples?

  Yes, they can view dead or alive samples