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Neck and head
Orbit and nasal cavity
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What is the function of the nose?
filter
dust entering the
respiratory system
What is the blood supply for the nose??
Branches from
ophthalmic
and
maxillary
arteries
-
Facial
vein
What is the nerve supply for the nose?
-
Olfactory nerve
(CN I)
-
Ophthalmic
(V1)
Maxillary
(V2)
What is the structure of the nose?
Comprised of
bones and cartilage
Nasal
bone
-comprises the bridge
of the bone
What is the structure nasal cavity?
Lateral wall of the cavity has three projections:
-
Superior conchae
-
Middle conchae
-
Inferior conchae
What is the structure of the conchae??
Superior and middle
conchae arise from the
ethmoid bone
-
Inferior
concha is an individual bone
What are meatuses?
Spaces beneath the conchae that
increase the surface area
and
humidify
inspired air
What is the olfaction nerve and what does it do?
Olfactory Nerve CNI
Special
afferent sensory nerve
Arises from the
cerebrum
Exits via
cribriform plate
(foramina)
Where are olfactory receptors found?
Line the epithelium
in the
roof and walls of the nasal cavity
Mucous allows gases to dissolve into the fluid which are then detected by the olfactory nerves
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air filled extensions of the
nasal cavity
which can produce
mucus
Used for
humidification
and trapping air
Makes skull
lighter
Where do paranasal sinuses drain into?
-Frontal sinuses
drain through
frontonasal duct
into
middle meatus
-
Anterior
and
middle ethmoidal cells
drain into
middle
meatus
-Maxillary
sinuses drain into
middle meatus.
-
Posterior
ethmoidal cells drain into
superior
meatus
-
Sphenoidal
sinuses drain into
sphenoethmoidal recess
.
What is the orbit?
Bony structure
that houses the
eye
What 7 bones make up the orbit?
Frontal
Maxilla
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Palatine
What are the openings into the orbit?
-
Optic canal
-
CN II
and
ophthalmic artery
-
Superior orbital fissure
-
CN III
, IV, V1 & VI
-
Inferior orbital fissure
-
CN V2
What is the structure of the eye?
Suspended by muscles in the orbit
Divided into 3 chambers
Anterior
Anterior to iris
Aqueous fluid
Posterior
Posterior to iris
Aqueous fluid
Vitreous chamber
Largest chamber of the eye
Contains set amount of fluid
if fluctuation occur problems can occur (
glycoma
if pressure increase)
How does the visual field work?
Visual information
received by the
retina
Impulses
carried through
CN II
(Optic nerve)
Lateral visual field is processed by
contralateral
portion of the
occipital lobe
How does crossing over work?
Things are seen backwards and inverted
Visual cortex
processes the information to “flip” the image
What is the optic Nerve?
Nerve CNI
Special
afferent sensory nerve
Exits the
skull
through the
optic canal
Develops as extension of the
forebrain
Medial
fibres
decussate
at the
optic chiasm
Swelling of what nerve causes disturbance in vision?
Swelling of
pituitary
- causes disturbance in vision
Optic chiasm is directly above it which pushes it up towards the
optic chiasm
What are the muscles used in movement of the eye?
7 extraocular muscles:
Levator Palpebrae - helps opens eyelid
Superior Oblique
- above the eye
Superior Rectus
-
Medial Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Inferior Oblique -
below the eye
How does movement of the eye work?
Movements occur around
3 axes:
Vertical
ABduction
(taking away from the midline) and
ADduction
(towards the midline)
Transverse
Elevation and depression
Anteroposterior
Internal rotation
External rotation
Label the diagram
A)
Frontal sinus
B)
Ethmoid cells
C)
Ethmoid bone
D)
Maxillary sinuses
E)
Posterior upper molars
5
Label the diagram
A)
Sphenoid
B)
Sphenoid
C)
Frontal bone
D)
Optic canal
E)
Ethmoidal foramina
F)
Ethmoid bone
G)
Zygomatic
H)
Maxilla
I)
Palatine
J)
Lacrimal
K)
lacrimal
11
What is the oculomotor nerve and what does it do?
CNIII
Exits through
superior orbital fissure
What does the somatic motor nerve of CNII do?
Somatic Motor
General somatic efferent
Supplies extraocular muscles
except superior oblique and lateral rectus
What does the parasympathetic
nerve
of CNIII do?
General visceral efferent
via short ciliary nerves to ciliary body and sphincter pupillae
What are the Trochlear & Abducens Nerves?
CN IV - Supplies
superior oblique
CN VI - Supllies
lateral rectus
What do Trochlear & Abducens Nerves do ?
General
somatic
efferent
and Exits via
superior orbital fissure
What causes drooping eyelids?
Injury to
CN III
What is the
lacrimal
apparatus
for??
Crying
What are the components of the lacrimal apparatus and what do they do?
Recieves
sensory
and
autonomic
innervation
Lacrimal gland
secretes
lacrimal fluid
Lubricates, protects and provides nutrients for the eye
Lacrimal papilla
collects fluid which moves to the lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
then drains into the
inferior meatus
nose runs when you cry
How is the lacrimal gland innervated?
Sensory
innervation -
Lacrimal nerve
(branch of V1)
Parasympathetic
innervation-Secretomotor function via
facial nerve
(CN VII)
Sympathetic
innervation- Vasoconstrictive (
sup. cervical ganglion
, via
internal carotid
)
What is the trigeminal nerve?
CN V
(1, 2 & 3)
What are the divisions of the
trigeminal nerve
?
Ophthalmic
/
V1
Exits cranium through
superior orbital fissure
Maxillary
/ V2
Exits cranium through
foramen rotundum
Mandibular
/ V3
Exits cranium through
foramen ovale
Provides
somatic
sensory and somatic motor to structures developed from 1st
pharyngeal arch
.
What is the opthalamic nerve ?
CNV
(1)
Exits the cranium via the
superior orbital fissure
What are the divisions of the opthalamic nerve?
Lacrimal
Sensory
innervation to
lacrimal
gland,
conjunctiva
and
upper eyelid
Parasympathetic fibres to lacrimal gland
Frontal
Sensory innervation to
upper eyelid, conjunctiva, forehead & scalp
Nasociliary
Sensory innervation to the
eye
, bridge of
nose
and
mucous membranes
of the
paranasal sinuses
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