botany

• What is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions?

  A cell
• Name an example of a cell.

  Amoeba Proteus
• What is one of the main components of cell theory?

  All living things are made up of cells.
• What does the cell theory state about cells?

  Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
• How do cells originate according to cell theory?


  All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
• What type of cells are plant cells classified as?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What are the distinctive features of plant cells?

  They have primary cell walls, plastids, a large vacuole, and a unique method of cell division.
• What is the primary component of plant cell walls?

  Cellulose
• What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

  They allow the transport of substances from one cell to the next.
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  It controls what enters and leaves the cell.
• What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

  It is a phospholipid bilayer with transport proteins and cholesterol.
• What are the main functions of the plasma membrane?

  1. Mediates transport of substances
  2. Coordinates synthesis of cellulose microfibrils
  3. Relays hormonal and environmental signals
• Name two organelles found in plant cells.

  Nucleus and chloroplasts
• What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

  It stores genetic material and controls protein synthesis.
• What are ribosomes composed of?

  RNA-protein complexes
• Where are ribosomes assembled?

  In the nucleolus
• What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

  Rough ER and Smooth ER
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  It packages cell products for export.
• What are lysosomes known as?

  The "suicidal bags of the cell"
• What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?

  They store water and dissolved particles.
• What is the main function of mitochondria?

  Cellular respiration
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  They are the site of photosynthesis.
• What are the three types of plastids found in plant cells?

  1. Chloroplasts
  2. Chromoplasts
  3. Leucoplasts
• What pigment do chloroplasts contain?

  Chlorophyll
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

  It provides structural support and shape to the cell.
• What are the differences between chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts?

  • Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis
  • Chromoplasts: Synthesize carotenoid pigments, responsible for colors
  • Leucoplasts: Non-pigmented, synthesize starch, oils, or proteins
• What are chloroplasts larger and more complex than?

  Mitochondria
• What pigment do chloroplasts contain that absorbs sunlight?

  Chlorophyll
• In which type of cells are chloroplasts found?

  Plants
• What are the main components of chloroplasts?

  • Outer Membrane
  • Inner Membrane
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoids
  • Granum (stack of thylakoids)
  • Intermembrane Space
• What do chromoplasts lack?

  Chlorophyll
• What pigments do chromoplasts synthesize and retain?

  Carotenoid pigments
• What colors are associated with chromoplasts?

  Yellow, orange, or red
• What are leucoplasts used for?

  Storage of starch, oils, or proteins
• What can leucoplasts develop into upon exposure to light?

  Chloroplasts
• What are the three types of elements in the cytoskeleton?

  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
• What is the primary function of the cell wall?

  Protection and structural support
• What is the composition of the cell wall?

  Cellulose, glycoproteins, lignin, pectin, and hemicellulose
• How many layers does the cell wall consist of?

  Three layers: primary, secondary, and middle lamella
• What role does the cell membrane play?

  Regulates entry and exit of substances