Genetics

• What are the main components of DNA?

  DNA is composed of deoxyribose sugar, nucleotides, and phosphate groups.
• What is the function of DNA?

  DNA carries all of our genetic material.
• How does DNA contribute to the continuity of life?

  DNA keeps us, us, even as individual cells die and reproduce.
• What are the four bases of DNA?

  The four bases of DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
• How do the bases pair in DNA?

  Adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C).

  
• What forms the backbone of the DNA structure?

  The backbone of DNA is formed by nucleotides linked together via phosphate groups.
• What type of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?

  The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.
• What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

  Helicase unzips the DNA strand by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
• What does primase do during DNA replication?


  Primase synthesizes a small piece of RNA that serves as a primer for DNA replication.
• What is RNA?

  RNA is a nucleic acid present in all living cells that is usually single-stranded.
• How does RNA differ from DNA in terms of structure?

  RNA has a backbone made of ribose sugar and phosphate groups, while DNA has deoxyribose sugar.

  
• What are chromosomes?

  Chromosomes are bundles of DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones.
• How many chromosomes do most human cells contain?

  Most human cells contain 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 homologous pairs.
• What are autosomes and sex chromosomes?

  Autosomes are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, while the 23rd pair are sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
• What type of cells are diploid?

  All cells in the human body are diploid except for sperm and egg cells.
• What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

  Diploid cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, while haploid cells contain 23 single chromosomes.
• What is a gene?

  A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
• How many genes are estimated to be in the human genome?

  There are between 20,000 and 25,000 genes in the human genome.
• What are codons?

  Codons are chains of three nucleotide bases that code for specific amino acids.
• What are alleles?

  Alleles are different versions of the same gene.
• What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles?

  Homozygous alleles are identical, while heterozygous alleles are different.
• What are the key terms related to genetics that should be defined?

  • Allele
  • Locus
  • Genotype
  • Phenotype
  • Homozygous
  • Heterozygous
  • Dominance
  • Co-dominance
  • Recessive
  • Homologous chromosomes
  • Mutation
  • Autosomes
  • Sex chromosomes
• What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

  • Mitosis:
  • Produces two identical diploid cells
  • Involved in growth and repair
  • Meiosis:
  • Produces four non-identical haploid cells
  • Involved in sexual reproduction
• How do you draw a Punnett square for inheritance traits?

  1. Identify the alleles of the parents.
  2. Create a grid.
  3. Fill in the grid with possible allele combinations.
  4. Determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
• What is co-dominance in relation to the ABO blood group?

  • Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally.
  • Example: Blood type AB results from co-dominance of A and B alleles.
• What are the differences between chromosome disorders?

  • Chromosome disorders:
  • Single gene disorders
  • Polygenic disorders
  • Multifactorial disorders
• What are mutations?

  Mutations are alterations of bases in the genetic code that can lead to malformed proteins.
• What types of single gene disorders exist?

  Single gene disorders include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked recessive, and sex-linked dominant disorders.
• What does it mean for a disorder to be multifactorial?

  Multifactorial disorders are influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors.
• What is the recurrence rate of multifactorial disorders compared to unifactorial disorders?

  Multifactorial disorders have a low recurrence rate, while unifactorial disorders have a high recurrence rate.
• How do genetic and environmental factors contribute to diseases?

  Genetic factors can predispose individuals to diseases, while environmental factors can trigger or exacerbate these conditions.
• What is the significance of the 0.1% variation in human DNA?

  The 0.1% variation in human DNA accounts for the differences among individuals.
• How do mutations affect protein production?

  Mutations can lead to the production of malformed proteins.
• What is the role of histones in the structure of chromosomes?

  Histones are proteins that provide structure to the tightly coiled strands of DNA in chromosomes.
• What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

  Dominant alleles express their traits even when only one copy is present, while recessive alleles require two copies to express their traits.
• What is the significance of the karyotype?

  A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, used to identify chromosomal abnormalities.
• How do environmental factors influence genetic disorders?

  Environmental factors can trigger or worsen genetic disorders, affecting their expression.
• What is the relationship between genes and traits?

  Genes code for proteins that determine physical traits in an organism.
• How do genetic variations contribute to diversity in a population?

  Genetic variations lead to differences in traits among individuals in a population.
• What is the role of genetic testing in understanding genetic disorders?

  Genetic testing can identify specific mutations and variations that contribute to genetic disorders.