Circulatory Unit Exam (2)

• Blood Flow Through the body

  Heart > Aorta > Arteries > arterioles > capillaries > Cells of the body (metabolic exchange) > capillaries > Venules > Veins > back to heart
• Process of blood clotting

  -Platelet ruptures against the jagged edges of a cut

  -release a chemical called thromboplastin

  -this helical mixes with other Substances in plasma

  -RBC stick to it = clot
• Where is the highest blood pressure found?

  The arteries
• Blood Types 


  -A protein called Anitgen on the surface of your Red Blood Cells determine your blood type

  -It is genetically from your parents
• Order of the third line of defence

  Macrophage's > Helper T cells > B Cells > Killer T Cells > Suppresser T Cells > Memory T Cells
• What do Macrophages do 


  -They are the first responders

  -They eat the pathogen + display its antigen on their surface
• What do Helper T Cells do 


  -Spot the foreign antigen + signal for the other T + B cells to arrive
• What do B Cells do 


  -Produce a chemical weapon called antibodies + mark anything that has the forsign antigen

  -Immobolize them ad tagged for destruction
• What could cause an increased heart rate 


  -exercise

  -stress

  -excitement
• What are the different Lymphocyte types 


  B cells and T cells - Helper T, Killer T, Supperer T, Memory T
• Cardiac


  Within the heart
• Pulmonary 


  Between the heart and the lungs
• Systematic 


  Between the heart and the body
• Right side of the heart


  Mover deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• Left side of the Heart


  Moves Oxygenated blood to the body
• Ventricles away / veins back one way valves
• Platelets rupture against jagged edges of a cut (releases thromboplastin)
• Mixes with calcium, Vitamin K, Fibrinogen to make Fibrin
• Red blood cells stick to Fibrin and make a blood clot
• Greatest mass of whole blood

  Plasma, 55%

  Mostly water, has proteins, enzymes hormones and blood cells nutrients
• Where is the highest Blood Pressure found

  In the arteries, more specifically the aorta

  Blood pressure is the highest when the heart pumps blood into aorta - known as Systole
• Introduction of foreign proteins 


  Immune Response

  1st line of defence - skin, mucus, cilia, HCL

  2nd line of defence - WBC release histamines = lots of blood to infection

  3rd line - Macrophages, B Cells, T Cells (Helper, suppressor, memory, killer)
• Heart rate, where stimulus is originated 


  SA node - bundle of nerves that initiate heart beat
• Blood Flow within the heart 


  Right side > lungs

  Left Side > body

  Upper atria > lower ventricles = aorta squeezes blood into ventricle

  atria contracts then ventricle contracts

  systole blood squeezed out (contracted)

  Dyastole chambers refill (relax)
• How is Low BP measured 


  measured using a sphygometer in mmHg

  Systolic = 120 heart contract

  Diastolic = 80 heart relaxes

  Arteries have high BP

  Veins have low BP
• Hypertension 


  above 120/80 prolonged
• Hypotension 


  under 120/80 prolonged
• Systolic


  120 heart contracts
• diastolic 


  80 heart relaxes
• WBC (leukocytes) - have nucleus + defend against foreign invaders
• Inflammation - all blood cells to area (WBC secrete histamines) produces antibodies
• Phagocytosis - WBC ingest foreign particles
• Lymphocytes - help body against invaders
• Lymph nodes - WBC clean it of any pathogens
• Spleen - produces WBC
• Why do we bleed when we take a needle out

  Needle punctures skin + blood vessel

  stops quickly due to body’s clotting ability

  1.Reduce blood flow to area

  2.Platelets plug it
• Why must a physician or pharmacist wash their hands before giving an injection as it relates to circulation 


  prevent introduction of pathogens/ bacteria

  When needle punctures it makes a pathway

  washing of hands reduces risk
• Arteries 


  -Take blood away from the heart - thick walls for high BP constrict / relax

  -collagen keeps it elastic, we lose collagen as we age

  -Arteriosclerosis - Build up of plaque, narrows diameter = high blood pressure = clot = heart attack/ stroke
• Why are identical twins good donors and recipients for heart transplant 


  Recipient usually attacks new organ

  Same DNA = immune system reacts better = better acceptance of the organ
• DeOxygenated blood through the superior/ inferior vena cava