pharmacology

• fill in the blanks

  A) short

  B) administration

  
• how many minuets should be left in between the administration of different drugs?

  5 - 10 minuets
• Fill in the blanks

  A) bacteriostatic

  B) conjunctivitis

  C) no

  D) bacteriostatic

  E) broad spectrum

  F) bacteriocidal

  
• fill in the blanks

  A) poor

  B) poor

  C) bacteriocidal

  D) broad spectrym

  E) bacteriostatic

  
• Anti-collagenases are used to treat melting (infected ulcers) and involves the application of serum from the same or another animal
• There are four main systemic anti-bacterials relevant to ophthalmology...

  • Clindamycin for toxoplasmosis
  • Tetracyclines for chlamydia and mycoplasma infections
  • can cause enamel discolouration in young animals
  • can cause oesophagitis
  • Sulphonamides
  • risk of dry eye
  • Enrofloxacin
  • the only bacteriocical
  • can cause retinal degeneration in cats so avoid
• anti-glaucoma drugs either: reduce aqueous humour production or increase aqueous humour outflow.

  • No licensed anti-glaucoma drugs for dogs/cats
• why should prostaglandin analogues be used with caution in cases of uveitis?

  it can increase the severity
• name a contraindication of prostaglandin analgogues

  conjunctivitis
• prostaglandin analogues are the drug of choice for...

  • Emergency treatment of acute primary glaucoma
  • Postoperative ocular hypertension
  • Chronic glaucoma (Most effective drug at reducing IOP)
  • Usually use twice daily
  • Ineffective in most cats
  • Latanoprost and travoprost are most commonly used
• prostaglandin analogues can cause pupil constriction (miosis)
• prostaglandin analogues induce miosis and increase uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humour
• carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and beta blockers reduce aqueous humour formation by ciliary body
• lacrimomimetics = tear substitutes
• Lipid-based lacrimomimetic ointments contain lanolin, petrolatum and/or mineral oil. these prevent tear film evaporation and have excellent corneal retention
• Mucinomimetics (gels) contain polyacrylic acid (carbomer) AND viscoelastics (drops) containing hyaluronic acid. They are highly effective and have prolonged corneal retention
• Aqueous tear substitutes (drops) include cellulose polymers e.g. hypromellose and vinyl derivatives. These have a short duration of action
• Mydriatics dilate the pupil this has therapeutic purposes e.g., treating anterior uveitis and aiding intraocular surgery
• Cycloplegics relax the ciliary body musculature so are good for relieving the painful ciliary spasm associated with anterior uveitis and helping reducing the formation of posterior synechiae (adhesions)
• name the drug

  A) atropine

  B) tropicamide

  C) phenylephrine

  
• which mydriatic is used to diagnose horners syndrome?

  phenylephrine
• which mydriatic is most commonly used to treat anterior uveitis and why?

  atropine as it is cyclopegic and has better stabilisation of the blood-aqueous barrier than tropicamide