Bm 2 psychology

• Encoding


  the processing of information into the memory system
• Storage


  the process of maintaining information in memory over time
• Retrieval


  the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
• Three Stage Processing Model


  model of memory that suggests that we give birth to memories through three stages; (1) we record to-be-remembered info as a fleeting sensory memory, (2) from which it is processed into short-term memory, (3) where we encode it for long-term memory and later retrieval
• Sensory Memory


  the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
• Iconic Memory


  a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
• Echoic Memory


  a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
• Short Term Memory / Working Memory


  the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used
• Long Term Memory (LTM)


  the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently
• Explicit Memory / Declarative Memory


  memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
• Effortful Processing


  encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
• Automatic Processing


  unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
• Implicit Memory / Procedural Memory


  The long-term memory of conditioned responses and learned skills.
• Context-dependent memory


  The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.
• State-dependent memory


  The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.
• Mood congruent


  when your current mood serves as a retrieval cue to activate memories stored while you were in the same mood
• Serial Position Effect


  our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
• Anterograde Amnesia


  an inability to form new memories
• Retrograde Amnesia


  an inability to retrieve information from one's past
• Encoding failure


  failure to process information into memory
• Retrieval failure


  the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues
• Proactive Interference


  the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
• Retroactive interference


  the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
• Source Amnesia


  attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
• Algorithm


  A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
• Representativeness Heuristic


  judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
• Availability Heuristic


  estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
• Cognitive Biases


  errors in memory or judgment that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes
• Mental Set / Expectancy Theory


  a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
• Functional Fixedness


  the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
• Belief Perseverance


  tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
• Confirmation Bias


  a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
• Phoneme


  in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
• Morpheme


  in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
• Babbling stage


  from 4-10 months, an infant makes sounds that are not words; by the end of this stage, the infant is only making sounds they hear speakers around them making
• One-word stage


  the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
• Two Word stage


  beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
• Critical period / Sensitive Period


  A time period where a skill has to form or it never will
• Linguistic determinism


  Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
• American Psychology Association (APA)


  a scientific and professional organization that represents psychology in the United States