History

• What is a nation defined as?


  A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory
• What does colonisation mean?


  Establishing control over foreign land or people to exploit and settle into the land
• Who are colonisers?

  The people invading a nation and enforcing a new set of rules
• What is a colony?


  A term to describe land stolen by foreigners
• What are the reasons for becoming a coloniser?

  • Military purposes → Strategies
  • Land
  • More resources
  • Wealth
  • Competition
• How did colonists treat Indigenous people?

  They took away land forcefully and enforced laws against them
• What diseases did colonists spread to Indigenous lands?

  Diseases that were new to the Indigenous populations
• Why did Britain choose to colonise Australia?

  Britain was crowded and dirty due to the large number of convicts
• What was a major reason for sending British convicts to Australia?

  Overcrowding in Britain
• What was the date of the First Fleet's arrival at Sydney Cove?

  26th of Janurary 1788
• What were the conditions like for workers in England during the Industrialisation period?

  There were no laws to protect workers from being exploited
• What were the main points for colonisation of Australia?

  • Industrialisation (1750-1900s)
  • Efficient farming techniques
  • Mass movement from countryside to cities
  • Tough living and working conditions
  • Increase in crime and prison population
• Who mapped the east coast of Australia in 1770?

  Captain Phillip
• What was the mindset of white settlers towards First Nations peoples?

  They believed they were the only Indigenous people living on the east coast
• What were some good acts of Captain Arthur Phillip?

  He made Australia have no slaves and ensured healthy provisions for all
• What were some bad acts of Captain Arthur Phillip?


  Staff were allowed to shoot First Nations peoples and retaliated against attackers
• When was Governor Lachlan Macquarie appointed governor of NSW?

  January 1810
• How did Governor Lachlan Macquarie treat ex-convicts?

  He believed they were rehabilitable and offered them opportunities
• What were the key events of the frontier wars?

  • Wars between First Nations peoples and colonists (1788-1934)
  • Conflicts from 1802 to 1903
  • Issues of bad communication and kidnappings
  • Open conflicts under Governor Macquarie
• What was the impact of the Gold Rush on Australia's population?

  Population boomed by 1 million as people came to escape poor conditions in Europe
• What were the conditions like on the gold fields?

  • Little accommodation (tents)
  • Limited food and water
  • Spread of illnesses
  • Required to buy a claim to dig
• What was the Eureka Stockade?

  A protest by miners against the fees to dig for gold
• When was the Eureka Stockade event that led to the new flag announced?

  November 29th, 1854
• What were the long-term impacts of the Gold Rush?

  Positives:

  • New industries and jobs
  • Development of towns and train lines
  • Increased representation in parliament
  • Schools built

  
  

  Negatives:

  • Increased racism
  • Dispossession of Indigenous peoples
• What is nationalism?

  It is a belief system that states the nation should align with the personal beliefs of its individuals
• What significant event occurred in 1901 in Australia?

  Federation
• What were the reasons for and against federation?

  Reasons for:

  • Similarities among colonies
  • Growing sense of ‘Australianness’
  • Improved communication
  • Defence as one force
  • International recognition

  
  

  Reasons against:

  • Geography and distance
  • Fear of domination by larger colonies
  • Loss of power for smaller colonies
  • Differences in laws
• What was the Immigration Restriction Act aimed at?

  Limiting non-British migrants to Australia
• What was the dictation test introduced by the Immigration Restriction Act?

  A test requiring non-European migrants to pass a 50-word dictation
• How many dictation tests were administered, and how many passed?

  1359 tests were administered, and only 52 passed
• What was the impact of the Immigration Restriction Act on non-white migrants?

  It aimed to remove and reduce the number of non-white Australians and migrants
• What years did WW1 take place?

  1914-1918
• What were the main conflicts of WW1?

  • Major global conflict involving multiple nations
  • Key battles and strategies
  • Political and social impacts on participating countries
• What was the purpose of the Immigration Restriction Act introduced on December 23rd?

  To limit non-British migrants to Australia
• What was the main goal of the Immigration Restriction Act?

  To establish a White Australia policy
• How were non-European migrants treated under the Immigration Restriction Act?

  They were recognized as Aliens
• What was the dictation test imposed on non-European migrants?

  It required them to pass a 50-word speaking test in any language
• What happened after 1909 regarding the dictation test?

  No one passed the test after 1909
• What additional measures were introduced to limit access for non-white migrants?

  Two acts outlawed imported labor and mandated hiring white workers on vessels
• What years did World War 1 take place?

  1914-1918