Cloward and Ohlin: Three subcultures

• Cloward and Ohlin 1960: deviance stems from how working class youths are denied legitimate opportunities - deviance stemming from their reaction to that
• There is also unequal access to illegitimate opportunity structures
• Three types of illegitimate opportunity structures:

  1. criminal subcultures
  2. conflict subcultures
  3. retreatist subcultures
• Criminal Subculture: provides youths with an apprenticeship for a career in utilitarian crime. Longstanding and stable criminal culture with established hierarchy of professional adult crime
• Conflict Subculture: arise in areas of high population turnover. High levels of social disorganisation prevents a stable professional criminal subculture from developing
• Retreatist Subculture: where those who have not succeeded in any opportunity structure end up. They become double failures
• Shaw and Mckay 1942 - Cultural Transmission Theory: neighbourhoods develop a criminal tradition that is transmitted generation after generation
• Sutherland 1939 - Differential Association Theory: deviance learned behaviour from other deviants.
• Park and Burgess 1925 - Social Disorganisation Theory: deviance as the product of social disorganisation. Where there is a high turnover of people - it becomes harder to exercise social control over individuals.