Approaches lesson

• When did psychology emerge as a scientific discipline?


  In the late 19th century
• Who established the first psychology lab and when?

  Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab in 1879
• What did Sigmund Freud develop in the early 20th century?


  Psychoanalysis
• What were the two early focuses of psychology?

  Structuralism and functionalism
• Who led the behaviorist movement?


  John Watson and B.F. Skinner
• What was the cognitive revolution and when did it occur?


  It brought attention back to mental processes in the 1950s and 60s
• What is the main focus of behaviorism?


  Observable behaviors
• What is the assumption of the behavioral approach?


  All behavior is learned through interaction with the environment
• Who are the key psychologists associated with behaviorism?


  John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
• What is classical conditioning?


  Learning through association
• What is operant conditioning?


  Learning through consequences
• What role do reinforcement and punishment play in behaviorism?


  They shape behavior
• What is a criticism of behaviorism?


  It ignores cognitive processes and free will
• What does cognitive psychology focus on?


  Mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving
• What is the assumption of cognitive psychology?


  Mental processes can be studied scientifically
• Who are the key psychologists in cognitive psychology?

  Jean Piaget, Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis
• What is the information processing model?


  A model that compares the mind to a computer, processing information through stages
• What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?


  A therapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns
• What is a criticism of cognitive psychology?


  It sometimes overlooks emotional and environmental factors
• What does Social Learning Theory emphasize?


  The role of observation and imitation in learning
• Who is the key psychologist associated with Social Learning Theory?


  Albert Bandura
• What is the assumption of Social Learning Theory?


  People can learn by observing others' behavior and its consequences
• What is self-efficacy in Social Learning Theory?


  Belief in one's ability to succeed
• What is the main focus of humanistic psychology?


  The individual's potential for growth and self-actualization
• Who are the key psychologists in humanistic psychology?


  Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
• What is the assumption of humanistic psychology?


  People are inherently good and motivated to reach their full potential
• What is unconditional positive regard in therapy?


  Complete acceptance and support for the client, regardless of their actions
• What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?


  A model that outlines the progression of human needs from physiological to self-actualization
• Which need must be satisfied before self-actualization according to Maslow?


  Physiological needs
• What is the criticism of humanistic psychology?


  It is too subjective and difficult to test scientifically
• What are the key approaches in psychology?

  • Behavioral Approach
  • Cognitive Approach
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Humanistic Approach
  • Psychodynamic Approach
  • Biological Approach
  • Biopsychology
• What are the key components of biopsychology?


  • The nervous system
  • The endocrine system
• What are the key assumptions of the behavioral approach?


  • All behavior is learned through interaction with the environment
  • Focus on observable behaviors
• What are the key assumptions of the cognitive approach?


  • Mental processes can be studied scientifically
  • Internal mental processes shape behavior
• What are the key assumptions of Social Learning Theory?


  • People can learn by observing others
  • Cognitive processes play a role in social learning
• What are the key assumptions of the humanistic approach?


  • People are inherently good
  • Focus on personal growth and self-actualization
• What are the key criticisms of the behavioral approach?


  • Ignores cognitive processes
  • Neglects free will
• What are the key criticisms of the cognitive approach?


  • Sometimes overlooks emotional factors
  • May neglect environmental influences
• What are the key criticisms of the humanistic approach?


  • Too subjective
  • Difficult to test scientifically
• What are the key criticisms of Social Learning Theory?


  • May underestimate biological influences
  • Can be difficult to measure observational learning