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Created by
Nicky Wilson

Cards (59)

  • What are the two types of cells?
    Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
  • What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
    Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
  • How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?
    It is found free within the cytoplasm as chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA.
  • What are plasmids?
    Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm, separate from the main DNA.
  • What is the function of plasmids in prokaryotic cells?
    They carry genes that provide genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
  • What is a centimetre (cm) in metres?
    1 x 10−2-2 metres
  • What is a millimetre (mm) in metres?
    1 x 10−3-3 metres
  • What is a micrometre (µm) in metres?
    1 x 10−6-6 metres
  • What is a nanometre (nm) in metres?
    1 x 10−9-9 metres
  • What are the components of both plant and animal cells?
    • Nucleus
    • Cytoplasm
    • Cell membrane
    • Mitochondria
    • Ribosomes
  • What are the additional components found in plant cells?
    • Chloroplasts
    • Permanent vacuole
    • Cell wall
  • What is the function of the nucleus other than storing genetic information?
    It controls cellular activities.
  • Describe the structure of the cytoplasm.
    It is a fluid component of the cell containing organelles, enzymes, and dissolved ions and nutrients.
  • What is the function of the cytoplasm?
    It is the site of cellular reactions and acts as a transport medium.
  • What is the function of the cell membrane?
    It controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell.
  • What is the function of the mitochondria?
    It is the site of later stages of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced.
  • What is the function of ribosomes?
    They join amino acids in a specific order during translation for protein synthesis.
  • What is the plant cell wall made of?
    Cellulose
  • What is the function of the plant cell wall?
    It provides strength and prevents the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis.
  • What does the permanent vacuole contain?
    Cell sap, a solution of salts, sugars, and organic acids.
  • What is the function of the permanent vacuole?
    It supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity.
  • What is the function of chloroplasts?
    They are the site of photosynthesis.
  • How are sperm cells adapted to their function?
    • Haploid nucleus contains genetic information.
    • Tail enables movement.
    • Mitochondria provide energy for tail movement.
    • Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane.
  • How are nerve cells adapted to their function?
    • Long axon transmits electrical impulses.
    • Dendrites connect to receive impulses from other cells.
    • Myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up impulse transmission.
  • How are muscle cells adapted to their function?
    • Arrangement of protein filaments allows contraction.
    • Mitochondria provide energy for contraction.
    • Merged cells allow contraction in unison.
  • How are root hair cells adapted to their function?
    • Large surface area for nutrient and water absorption.
    • Thin walls facilitate water absorption.
  • How are xylem cells adapted to their function?
    • No margins between cells for continuous water flow.
    • Thick, woody side walls strengthen structure and prevent collapse.
  • How are phloem cells adapted to their function?
    • Sieve plates allow transport of dissolved substances.
    • Companion cells provide energy for active transport.
  • What is cell differentiation?
    The process by which cells become specialized.
  • Why is cell differentiation important?
    It allows the production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body.
  • At what point in their life cycle do most animal cells differentiate?
    Early in their life cycle.
  • For how long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate?
    Throughout their entire life cycle.
  • What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals?
    Repair and replacement of cells.
  • What are the vital functions performed by cells in the human body?
    Cells perform various vital functions in the human body.
  • What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals?
    The purpose of cell division in mature animals is for repair and replacement of cells.
  • What changes does a cell undergo as it differentiates?
    A cell becomes specialized through the acquisition of different sub-cellular structures to enable a specific function.
  • How is magnification defined?
    Magnification is the number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the real object.
  • How is resolution defined?
    Resolution is the smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished.
  • How does a light microscope work?
    A light microscope works by passing a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.
  • What are the advantages of light microscopes?
    • Inexpensive
    • Easy to use
    • Portable
    • Observe both dead and living specimens