Topic 2 Bio

• Who is the presenter of the biology video mentioned in the study material?

  Miss Estrich
• What is the main purpose of the video by Miss Estrich?

  To cover topic 2 of A-level biology
• How many years has Miss Estrich been teaching?

  14 years
• What is the name of the sponsor mentioned in the video?

  Biosnip
• What type of content does Biosnip provide for A-level biology?

  Diagrams, graphs, and daily quizzes
• What is the purpose of the active recall workbook mentioned in the video?

  To help with revision and consolidation
• What are the key organelles in eukaryotic cells that need to be known?

  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell wall
  • Plasma membrane
• What are the key structures within the nucleus?

  Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nucleolus
• What is the overall function of the nucleus?

  DNA replication and transcription of mRNA
• What is the role of the nucleolus?

  Site of RNA production and ribosome assembly
• What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  RER has ribosomes on its surface, while SER does not
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Protein synthesis
• What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?

  Lipids and carbohydrates
• What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

  A folded membrane with a systemy shape
• What happens to molecules in the Golgi apparatus?

  They are modified and packaged for transport
• What are lysosomes and their function?

  Bags of digestive enzymes involved in hydrolysis
• What is the role of mitochondria?

  Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
• What is unique about the DNA in mitochondria?

  It is a loop similar to prokaryotic DNA
• What are ribosomes made of?

  rRNA and proteins
• What size ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

  80S
• What size ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

  70S
• What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?

  To provide turgidity and support
• What is the role of chloroplasts?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What are the membranes inside chloroplasts called?

  Thylakoid membranes
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant and fungal cells?

  To provide structural strength and prevent bursting
• What is the composition of the plant cell wall?

  Cellulose
• What is the composition of the fungal cell wall?

  Chitin
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  To control what enters and exits the cell
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are smaller, lack membrane-bound organelles, and have a single loop of DNA
• What is the structure of viruses?

  Genetic material, capsid, and attachment proteins
• How do viruses replicate?

  Inside host cells by injecting their nucleic acid
• What are the key stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

  Interphase, nuclear division (mitosis), and cytokinesis
• What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?

  The cell increases in size and organelles double
• What happens during the S phase of interphase?

  DNA replication occurs
• What is the purpose of the G2 phase in interphase?

  Further growth and preparation for mitosis
• What are the four key stages of mitosis?

  Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
• What type of cells are produced by mitosis?

  Genetically identical diploid cells
• What is the process by which prokaryotic cells replicate?

  Binary fission
• How do viruses replicate if they are non-living?

  By invading host cells and using the host's machinery
• What is the significance of cell fractionation in studying cells?

  It isolates organelles for further study