reconstructive memory

• What is reconstructive memory?

  • Memories can be reconstructed using previous knowledge.
  • Confabulation occurs when gaps in memory are filled in.
  • Schemas influence how we interpret information.
• What is a schema in cognitive psychology?

  A schema is a mass of stored knowledge about a specific event or object.
• What is confabulation in memory?

  Confabulation is when individuals fill in gaps in their memory with fabricated details.
• How do schemas affect memory recall?

  Schemas influence memory recall by providing a framework that helps fill in gaps in our memories.
• What is the definition of a schema?

  A schema is a mass of stored knowledge and information about a specific event or object from previous experiences.
• What are the types of memory distortions mentioned?

  • Omissions: Leaving out unpleasant or irrelevant details.
  • Transformations: Changing details to make them more rational.
  • Familiarization: Altering unfamiliar details to fit existing schemas.
• What was the aim of Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" study?

  The aim was to test the effects of time lapse on recall using culturally unfamiliar stories.
• What were the findings of Bartlett's study regarding memory recall?

  Participants omitted details, transformed objects to be more familiar, and rationalized the presence of ghosts.
• What does the term 'schema' refer to in this context?

  It refers to cognitive structures that influence memory recall
• What is the significance of the 'War of the Ghosts' study?

  It provides supporting evidence for the schema theory
• What was the sample size of the 'War of the Ghosts' study?

  20 British participants
• Why is the ecological validity of the 'War of the Ghosts' study considered low?

  Because the story was culturally unfamiliar to participants
• What is the relationship between nature and nurture in the context of schemas?

  Nurture influences schemas as they are formed based on stereotypes
• How does the theory address the concept of confabulation?

  It suggests that confabulation is a result of errors induced by schemas
• What is the implication of the statement "schema may have influence or point to learning"?

  It suggests that schemas can affect how we learn and remember information
• What is the effect of repeated exposure on schemas?

  It can lead to similar effects on recall
• What does the term 'nature-confabulation' imply?

  It implies that memory errors can arise from innate cognitive structures
• How does the theory address the formation of memories?

  It does not explain how memories are formed
• What is the role of eyewitness testimony in relation to the discussed theory?

  It is used to illustrate the impact of schemas on memory recall
• What is the main criticism of the supporting evidence for the theory?

  It is not generalizable
• How many different stories does the theory use?

  8 different stories