Monoclonal (extra)

• What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tests?

  They detect the hormone hCG in urine.
• What hormone do pregnant women produce that is detected by pregnancy tests?

  hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
• What occurs when hCG is present in the urine during a pregnancy test?

  The hCG binds to the blue beads, causing them to stick to the fixed antibodies on the strip.
• What are the two parts of the pregnancy test strip and their functions?

  • Right side: Contains fixed monoclonal antibodies specific to hCG.
  • Left side: Contains free-moving blue beads coated with the same monoclonal antibodies.
• What are monoclonal antibodies derived from?

  Antibodies from a single clone of cells
• How are monoclonal antibodies produced in the laboratory?

  By cloning a single cell and making it produce antibodies
• What type of cells produce antibodies?

  B lymphocytes
• What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

  To help fight disease by binding to antigens
• What are antigens?

  Foreign materials that antibodies bind to
• How do antibodies interact with bacteria?

  They bind to specific antigens on the bacteria
• What is the significance of hybridoma cells in monoclonal antibody production?

  They produce antibodies and divide rapidly
• Why do B lymphocytes need to be combined with tumor cells?

  To enable rapid division of the B lymphocytes
• What is injected into an animal to produce specific B lymphocytes?

  An antigen
• What happens to the mouse's immune system after injecting the antigen?

  It generates a response and produces specific B lymphocytes
• What can monoclonal antibodies be designed to bind to?

  Specific proteins, cells, pathogens, or chemicals
• How can monoclonal antibodies be used in cancer treatment?

  By attaching drugs or radioactive material to them
• What is the purpose of attaching drugs to monoclonal antibodies?

  To locate and destroy cancer cells
• How does the process of creating monoclonal antibodies begin?

  By injecting an antigen into an animal
• What is the role of the hybridoma cell in monoclonal antibody production?

  It produces large quantities of identical antibodies
• What is the structure of antibodies often represented as?

  Little Y shapes
• What happens to the hybridoma cells in a petri dish?

  They divide and produce identical antibodies
• What is the benefit of using monoclonal antibodies in medical treatments?

  They can target specific cells or proteins
• What is the final step in the monoclonal antibody production process?

  Collecting and purifying the antibodies
• What is the relationship between B lymphocytes and hybridoma cells?

  Hybridoma cells are formed by fusing B lymphocytes with tumor cells
• What is the purpose of using fast-dividing tumor cells in monoclonal antibody production?

  To increase the rate of antibody production
• What is the first step in the process of creating monoclonal antibodies?

  Injecting an antigen into an animal
• What happens after the B lymphocytes are isolated from the animal?

  They are combined with fast-dividing tumor cells
• How do monoclonal antibodies help in targeting cancer cells?

  By binding specifically to antigens on cancer cells
• What is the significance of the Y shape of antibodies?

  It allows them to bind to antigens effectively
• What is the main advantage of monoclonal antibodies over polyclonal antibodies?

  They are specific to a single antigen
• How can monoclonal antibodies be used in research?

  To identify and isolate specific proteins
• What is the role of the immune response in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

  It generates specific B lymphocytes that produce the desired antibodies
• What is the purpose of purifying monoclonal antibodies after production?

  To ensure they are suitable for use in treatments
• What is the final goal of using monoclonal antibodies in medicine?

  To target and treat specific diseases effectively
• What is the significance of the term "hybridoma" in monoclonal antibody production?

  It refers to the fused cell that produces antibodies and divides rapidly
• What is the purpose of isolating B lymphocytes after injecting an antigen into an animal?

  To combine them with tumor cells for monoclonal antibody production
• What is the role of antigens in the immune response?

  They trigger the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes
• What is the significance of the immune response in the context of monoclonal antibody production?

  It is essential for generating the specific B lymphocytes needed for antibody production
• What can be done with monoclonal antibodies in therapeutic applications?

  They can be used to deliver drugs directly to target cells
• What is the relationship between monoclonal antibodies and the development of vaccines?

  Monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify antigens for vaccine development