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Biology
Section 2
Co-ordination and response
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Divya Sharma
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Cards (29)
What is
homeostasis
?
The control or regulation of the
internal conditions
of a cell or organism
Why is
homeostasis
important?
It maintains optimal conditions for
enzyme action
and cell function
Name
physiological
factors controlled by
homeostasis
in mammals.
Body temperature,
metabolic waste
,
blood pH
,
glucose concentration
,
water potential
,
respiratory gases
.
What are the two communication systems in mammals for homeostasis?
The
nervous system
and the
endocrine system
.
How is body temperature controlled in humans?
The
thermoregulatory centre
in the brain monitors blood temperature and
coordinates
responses.
How is
water loss
controlled in humans?
The
kidneys
control
urine production
to regulate water reabsorption.
What role does
ADH
(
antidiuretic hormone
) play in water regulation?
It controls the amount of water reabsorbed by the
kidneys
.
What are the four
components
required for a
co-ordinated
response
?
Stimulus
,
receptor
,
coordination centre
,
effector
.
What are
tropisms
?
Directional growth responses of plants to stimuli like light and
gravity
.
What is
phototropism
and
geotropism
?
Phototropism is growth towards light; geotropism is growth towards gravity.
What is
auxin's
role in plant growth?
Auxin stimulates
cell elongation
, causing plants to grow towards light.
How does the
nervous system
transmit information?
Through
electrical impulses
along
neurones
.
How do hormones transmit information in the body?
Hormones
are released into the blood and affect
target organs
.
What are the two main parts of the
nervous system
?
The central nervous system (
CNS
) and the peripheral nervous system (
PNS
).
What occurs at a
synapse
?
Neurotransmitters
are released to transmit signals between
neurones
.
What is a
reflex arc
?
The pathway of a reflex response, including sensory, relay, and motor
neurones
.
Describe the
pain-withdrawal reflex
.
A stimulus (e.g., stepping on a pin) is detected, sending signals through
sensory neurones
to the spinal cord, activating
motor neurones
to pull away.
Compare the speed of the
nervous system
to the
endocrine system
.
Nervous system responses are fast; endocrine responses are
slower
and longer-lasting.
What happens to
neurotransmitters
after
signal transmission
?
They are destroyed to prevent continued stimulation of the next
neurone
.
Explain the function of
sensory neurones
.
Sensory neurones detect stimuli and transmit electrical impulses to the
CNS
for processing.
What is the role of
relay neurones
?
Relay neurones transmit impulses within the
CNS
, connecting
sensory neurones
to
motor neurones
.
What do
motor neurones
do?
Motor neurones carry impulses away from the
CNS
to
effectors
(muscles or glands) to trigger a response.
How do hormones affect
target organs
?
Hormones
bind to specific
receptors
on target organs, altering their activity to bring about a
physiological
change.
What is the significance of
synaptic clefts
?
Synaptic clefts prevent direct electrical transmission between
neurones
, requiring a chemical signaling process for communication.
What happens to
neurotransmitters
after they have transmitted a signal?
Neurotransmitters are destroyed or reabsorbed to prevent continuous stimulation of the
postsynaptic neurone
.
How does the
nervous system
ensure the direction of impulse travel?
Impulses only travel in one direction across
synapses
, preventing confusion in the nervous system.
What are
plant growth regulators
?
Plant growth regulators, such as
auxins
, are chemicals that control various aspects of plant growth and development.
Describe the role of the
brain
in maintaining
homeostasis
.
The brain processes information from
receptors
and
coordinates
appropriate responses to maintain internal balance.
Why is
rapid response
important in
reflex actions
?
Rapid responses minimize potential damage to the body and enhance survival by allowing immediate reactions to harmful
stimuli
.
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