Ch 15 Musculoskeletal Systen

• what is the musculoskeletal system


  bones, muscles, and joints of the body
• what are bones 


  structural support and protection of internal organs
• what are muscles for 


  internal and external movement
• what are joint


  where bones come together/type determined by need for flexibility
• what are tendons 


  bind muscle to bone
• what are ligaments 


  bind bone to bone
• orthopedist


  bone specialist
• rheumatologist 


  joint specialist
• physiatrist 


  rehab specialist after injury to muscle, bone, or nerves
• osteopathic physician


  can specialize in orthopedics, rheumatology, or physiatry
• what is ossification


  replacement of cartilage with bone
• osteoblast


  produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage
• osteocyte 


  nourishes and maintains bone
• osteoclast


  reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)
• bone formation facts

  1. osteoblasts and osteoclasts work to deposit and tear down bone throughout life
  2. skeleton is a source of calcium
  3. proper formation of bone depends on sources of calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D
  4. calcium phosphate enzyme helps create hard bone from these sources
• bone formation facts ctnd 


  1. reservoir for calcium storage
  2. calcium necessary for nerve transmittal to muscle (heart muscles and muscle attached to bone)
  3. calcium level maintained in blood by parathyroid gland -> secrete hormone to release calcium from bone
• what are the different shapes of joints

  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. sesamoid
• what is the diaphysis


  shaft
• epiphysis


  end
• metaphysis


  conelike flared portion between end and shaft
• epiphyseal line or plate 


  growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for growth
• what are the ends of bones covered with

  articular cartilage that cushions it and allows it to move smoothly
• what is contained in compact bone 


  contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)
• what is contained in cancellous bone 


  spaces contains red bone marrow with elements for blood formation
• what is yellow marrow 


  chiefly fat
• what is red marrow 


  rich with blood vessels and immature/mature blood cells in various stages of development -> replaced with yellow marrow later

  • hematopoiesis = formation of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
• what are processes 


  serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
• what are depressions


  openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves or vessels
• what are air cavities


  located in facial and cranial bone lighten the skull and warm/moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system
• what are vertebrae


  26 bone segments from base of skull to tailbone in five directions and separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral disks
• fissure


  narrow groove or slit-like opening
• fossa


  shallow cavity in or on a bone
• sinus 


  hallow cavity within bone
• types of fractures

  simple (closed) - transverse break, no skin breakage

  compound (open) - irregular, jarred transverse break through the skin

  colles - distal portion of radius or ulna breaks off

  compression - compress vert

  comminuted - irregular and jarred transverse break of femur

  greenstick- incomplete break of femur (younger patient without proper bone formation typically)