Memory

• What are the three processes of memory?

  1. Encoding (input)
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval (output)
• How does information enter our memory?

  Through one or more of our senses.
• What is acoustic encoding?

  Encoding information based on what it sounds like.
• What does semantic encoding refer to?

  Encoding based on the meaning of something.
• Why does semantic encoding lead to better storage and retrieval?

  Because it involves meaningful associations.
• What are mnemonics?

  • Techniques to attach meaning to lists
  • Help store and recall information easily
• What is the memory palace or method of loci?

  A technique of creating a journey around a specific place to remember items.
• What is the definition of encoding?

  Changing information from one form to another for storage.
• What are the three main types of encoding?

  Visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding.
• What was the aim of Baddeley's 1966 encoding study?

  To see if the type of encoding used in short term memory differs from long term memory
• What type of words were in List C and List D in Baddeley's study

  List C had semantically similar words, while List D had words with different meanings
• What was the conclusion regarding encoding in long term memory (LTM)?

  Encoding in LTM is semantic
• What type of words were in List A and List Bin Baddeley's study

  List A had acoustically similar words, while List B had words that sounded different
• What was the conclusion regarding encoding in short term memory (STM)?

  Encoding in STM is acoustic
• What is one strength of Baddeley's research?

  It was conducted under controlled conditions to ensure a fair test
• What was one method used to ensure the validity of Baddeley's research?

  Participants were given a hearing test to check for poor hearing
• What is one weakness of Baddeley's research according to Brandimonte (1992)?

  Encoding in STM can sometimes be visual rather than acoustic
• What is another weakness of Baddeley's research regarding the duration of memory recall?

  Recall after 20 minutes may not truly represent long term memory
• What are the three main types of encoding?

  Acoustic and semantic and visual
• What does semantic encoding refer to?

  The meaning of something, such as words
• What does tactile encoding concern?

  Memories of smells
• Which term describes the act of putting information into your memory?

  Storage
• What is retrieval in the context of memory?

  Information stored in memory is accessed when required so that it can be used
• What are the three ways to retrieve memories?

  Recognition

  free recall

  cued recall
• What is an example of recognition in memory retrieval?

  Multiple choice questions
• What does cued recall involve?

  A cue to trigger your memory, e.g., it starts with the letter ‘B’
• What is free recall?

  No cues at all
• What are the three main processes of memory?

  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
• Who is Clive Wearing and what caused his amnesia?

  Clive Wearing is a case study of amnesia caused by damage to his brain
• What part of Clive Wearing's brain was damaged?

  The part responsible for memory
• What is one thing Clive Wearing could do despite his amnesia?

  He could play the piano
• What is one thing Clive Wearing could not do?

  He could not form new memories
• What is episodic memory?

  A long term memory store for personal events
• What does episodic memory include?

  Memories of when events occurred and the people, objects, places, and behaviors involved
• How are memories from episodic memory retrieved?

  Consciously and with effort
• What is semantic memory?

  A long term memory store for our knowledge of the world
• What does semantic memory include?

  Facts and knowledge of what words and concepts mean
• How are memories from semantic memory usually recalled?

  Deliberately and consciously
• What is procedural memory?

  A long term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things
• How do we usually recall procedural memories?

  Without making a conscious or deliberate effort