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Paper 3
Relationships
Duck's phase model
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Who proposed a phase model of relationship breakdown?
Duck
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What does Duck argue about the ending of a relationship?
It is a process that takes time and goes through four distinctive phases
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What are the four phases of Duck's model of relationship breakdown?
Intra-psychic phase
Dyadic phase
Social phase
Grave-dressing phase
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What is the focus of the intra-psychic phase?
It focuses on the cognitive process occurring within the individual
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What does the dissatisfied partner do in the intra-psychic phase?
They brood on the reasons for their dissatisfaction, centering on their partner's shortcomings
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What cognitive processes occur during the intra-psychic phase?
The partner weighs the pros and cons of the relationship against alternatives
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What is the focus of the dyadic phase?
It focuses on interpersonal processes between the two partners
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What characterizes the dyadic phase?
It involves a series of confrontations where dissatisfaction is aired
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What emotions are typically present during the dyadic phase?
Anxiety, hostility, and resentment
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What might partners decide during the dyadic phase?
To either continue breaking up or to repair the relationship
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What is the focus of the social phase?
It focuses on the wider processes involving the couple's social network
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What happens during the social phase of relationship breakdown?
The breakup is made public and partners seek support
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How do mutual friends react during the social phase?
They are expected to choose sides, forming factions
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What role do friends play during the social phase?
Some provide reinforcement while others may be judgmental
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What is the focus of the grave-dressing phase?
It focuses on the aftermath of the relationship
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What do partners attempt to do in the grave-dressing phase?
They create a favorable story about the breakup for public consumption
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Why is it important for partners to maintain a positive reputation in the grave-dressing phase?
To save face and retain some 'social credit'
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What does Gaipa suggest about social credit in the grave-dressing phase?
Each partner tries to blame circumstances or others to retain social credit
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What is the evaluation of Duck's model regarding its completeness?
It is considered an incomplete model
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What modification did Rollie and Duck make to the original model?
They added a fifth phase called the
resurrection
phase
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What happens in the resurrection phase?
Ex-partners focus on future relationships using experiences from the past
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Is progression through Duck's phases inevitable?
No, it is possible to return to an earlier point in the process
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What is a weakness of Duck's model regarding methodological issues?
Participants may recall experiences inaccurately after the relationship has ended
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Why are researchers reluctant to study relationships at early breakdown stages?
Involvement could worsen the situation and hasten the breakdown
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What does the weakness of methodological issues imply about Duck's model?
It is based on research that ignores the early part of the breakdown process
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What is a strength of Duck's model regarding real-life applications?
It recognizes that different repair strategies are effective at different breakdown points
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What does Duck recommend for partners in the intra-psychic phase?
They should focus on the positive aspects of their partner
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What is a feature of the dyadic phase that Duck highlights?
Communication is crucial and can be improved for stability
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How does cultural bias affect Duck's model?
It is based on experiences from Western cultures, which may not apply universally
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How do relationships in individualist cultures differ from those in collectivist cultures according to Moghaddam et al.?
Individualist cultures have voluntary relationships that often end, while collectivist cultures are more obligatory
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What implication does cultural bias have on the process of relationship breakdown?
The process is unlikely to be identical across different cultures
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