Karyotyping: Routine analysis of chromosomes at the metaphase stage, banded by trypsin and stained with Giemsa, Leishman, or a combination of both. Chromosomes are arranged in pairs in a karyogram.
Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization (FISH): Uses fluorescent probes to detect and localize specific DNA sequences in chromosomes for various purposes such as developmental disability diagnosis, pathogen identification, and inferring evolutionary relationships.
DNA Microarray Analysis: Measures expression levels of large numbers of genes using a DNA microarray or DNA chip.
Applications of Cytogenetics: Used as the gold standard for detecting abnormalities in fetuses and for diagnosing heritable genetic abnormalities in children and adults. Also used in cancer cytogenetics for detecting acquired genetic abnormalities in various types of cancer.
