Cytogenetics

• History and Development of Genetics and Cytogenetics
• Karyotyping refers to the analysis of chromosomes at the metaphase stage using stains such as Giemsa or Leishman.
• G-bands, rich in Adenine and Thymine, are observed in chromosomes stained with Giemsa.
• Karyogram or ideogram is a representation of chromosomes arranged in pairs based on size and position of the centromere.
• Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization (FISH) uses fluorescent probes to detect and localize specific DNA sequences in chromosomes.
• DNA Microarray Analysis measures expression levels of large numbers of genes using a DNA microarray or DNA chip.
• Cytogenetics is the gold standard for detecting abnormalities in the fetus.
• Constitutional Cytogenetics is used for diagnosing heritable genetic abnormalities in children, adults, and pregnancy.
• Prenatal Development applications include abnormal maternal serum screening, abnormal cell-free DNA testing, and advanced maternal age.
• Cancer Cytogenetics is used for detecting acquired genetic abnormalities in various types of cancer, especially hematologic cancers.
• The Science of Cytogenetics
• Applications and Importance of Cytogenetics