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CELLS
CELL STRUCTURE
MITOSIS
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Cards (12)
Interphase
Replication
of
DNA
, the
two copies
of
DNA
remain
joined
at the
centromere
Prophase
-Chromosomes
first become
visible
as
long thin threads
(which later
-shortens
and
thickens
)
-Animal cells have
centrioles
(two
cylindrical organelles
) which move to
opposite ends
of the cell
-Spindle fibres
develop from the
centrioles
and span from
pole
to
pole
(centrioles not necessary in plant cells)
-The
nucleolus disappears
-Nuclear envelope breaks down
, leaving
chromosomes free
in the
cytoplasm
-Chromosomes
are drawn to
equator
of cell by
spindle fibres
attached to
centromere
Metaphase
-Chromatid
:
identical copy
of
DNA
from the
parent cell
-In this
phase chromosomes
are made up of
two chromatids
joined at the
centromere
-Microtubules from
poles
attach to
centromere
-Chromosomes pulled along
spindle apparatus
Anaphase
-Centromeres
divide into
two
-Spindle fibres
pull individual
chromatids
and
move rapidly
to their
opposite poles
(now refer to them as
chromosomes
)
-Energy
for this process provided by
mitochondria
(
gather
around the
spindle fibres
Telophase and cytokinesis
-Chromosomes reach
poles
, become
long
and
thinner
then
disappear
leaving
chromatin
-Spindle fibres disintegrate
-Nuclear envelope
and
nucleus reform
-Cytoplasm divides
(
cytokinesis
)
STAGES
OF
MITOSIS
Cancer
Cancer is caused by a
growth disorder
in
cells
, and is the result of
damage
to the
genes
that regulate
mitosis.
What is a tumor?
A group of
abnormal
cells constantly
expanding
in
size
When does a tumor become cancerous?
When it changes from
benign
to
malignant
Treatment of cancer
Killing dividing cells
by
blocking part
of the
cell cycle. Mitosis
ceases therefore stopping
cancer growth.
How do drugs (chemotherapy) disrupt the cell cycle?
-preventing
the DNA from
replicating
-inhibiting
metaphase
by interfering with
spindle formation
What is the issue with chemotherapy?
It also
disrupts
the
cell cycle
of
healthy cells
, however
cancer cells
have a particularly
fast rate
of
division
and so are
damaged more.
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