C2

• What type of bonding occurs between a metal and a nonmetal?

  Ionic bonding
• Which elements typically participate in ionic bonding?

  Elements from the left-hand side and right-hand side of the periodic table
• In sodium chloride, what happens to sodium's outer electron?

  It transfers to chlorine
• What charge does sodium acquire after losing an electron?

  Positive charge
• What charge does chlorine acquire after gaining an electron?

  Negative charge
• What do metals form in ionic bonding?

  Positive ions
• What do nonmetals form in ionic bonding?

  Negative ions
• What is the structure formed by positive and negative ions in ionic compounds?

  A massive lattice structure
• Why do ionic compounds have high boiling and melting points?

  Due to strong attractions between ions
• When do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

  When molten or dissolved
• Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved?

  Because ions are free to move
• What must the overall charge be when working with ionic formulas?

  Neutral charge
• How many sodium ions are needed for every sulfate ion in sodium sulfate?

  Two sodium ions
• What type of bonding occurs between nonmetals?

  Covalent bonding
• What is the process of covalent bonding?

  Sharing of electrons
• What are some examples of simple covalent molecules?

  • Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
  • Methane (CH₄)
  • Water (H₂O)
  • Ammonia (NH₃)
• What are the properties of simple covalent molecules?

  Low melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity
• What are the properties of covalent structures like diamond and silicon dioxide?

  • High melting and boiling points
  • Do not conduct electricity
• How many bonds does diamond make?

  Four bonds
• How many bonds does graphite make?

  Three bonds
• Why is diamond hard and strong?

  Due to its strong covalent bonds
• What allows pure metals to conduct electricity?

  Free electrons around positive ions
• Why is graphite soft?

  Because it has layers that can slide
• What happens to the layers in alloys compared to pure metals?

  Alloys disrupt the layers, making them harder
• What is shape memory in metals?

  Ability to return to original shape after deformation
• What are the two types of polymers?

  • Thermo-softening polymers: tangled chains
  • Thermo-setting polymers: have cross-links
• What is nanotechnology?

  Technology that operates at a very small scale
• What are the properties of thermosetting polymers?

  Rigid and heat resistant
• What is a common application of nanotechnology?

  Drug delivery
• What is the atomic number of an element?

  The number of protons in the nucleus
• What does the mass number represent?

  The total number of protons and neutrons
• How do you find the number of neutrons in an element?

  Mass number minus atomic number
• What are the three subatomic particles?

  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• What is the mass of protons and neutrons?

  1
• What is the mass of electrons?

  0
• What are isotopes?

  Different versions of the same element with varying neutrons
• How do you calculate the relative formula mass of a compound?

  By adding the atomic masses of all elements in the formula
• What is the relative formula mass of H₂SO₄?

  98
• How do you calculate the percentage of an element in a compound?

  Divide the mass of the element by the total mass and multiply by 100
• What is the empirical formula of a compound with a ratio of 1:4 for carbon and hydrogen?

  CH₄