C2

• What are ions?

  Charged particles.
• What happens when atoms loose or gain electrons?

  They form Ions to get a full outer shell, stable
• What happens when metals form ions?

  They loose electrons from their outer shell to form positive ions
• What happens when non metals form ions?

  They gain electrons into their outer shell to form negative ions
• What is the number of electrons lost or gained equal to?

  The number of electrons lost or gained is equal to the charge of the ion formed.
• What happens when a metal and a non metal react?

  Ionic bonding- the metal atom loses electrons to form a positively charged ion and thr non metal gains electrons to form a negatively charged ion
• Oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to one another by electrostatic forces-ionic bond
• Which groups lose electrons to form positive ions?

  Group 1 and 2 metals
• Which groups gain electrons to form negative ions?

  Group 6 and 7 non metals
• If an atom loses 2 electrons what does it charge become?

  +2
• If an atom gains 2 electrons what is its charge

  -2
• What is a giant ionic lattice?

  Very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions in all direction in a lattice
• What properties to ionic compounds have?

  high melting and boiling points due to strong bonds between ions. A lot of energy is needed to overcome this attraction. When solid The ions are held in place so compounds can’t conduct electricity, when ions melt the ions are free to move so they’ll carry an electric charge. Some also dissolve easily in water so ions are free to move and carry an electric charg in solution
• What is covalent bonding?

  Sharing of electrons between non metal atoms.
• What type of bond involves sharing electrons?

  Covalent bond
• How do non-metal atoms bond together?

  They share pairs of electrons
• What attracts the positively charged nuclei in covalent bonds?

  Shared pair of electrons
• What do atoms share in covalent bonding?

  Electrons in their outer shells
• What is the result of each single covalent bond?

  One extra shared electron for each atom
• Why do atoms form covalent bonds?

  To fill up their outer shell
• What electronic structure do atoms achieve through covalent bonding?

  The structure of a noble gas
• In which types of compounds does covalent bonding occur?

  Compounds of non-metals
• What is a dot and cross diagram used for?

  To show bonding in covalent compounds
• What do the dots and crosses in a dot and cross diagram represent?

  Electrons from different atoms
• What is a limitation of dot and cross diagrams?

  They don't show relative sizes of atoms
• What does the displayed formula of ammonia (NH₃) show?

  Covalent bonds as single lines between atoms
• What is the significance of the repeating unit in a polymer?

  It represents the structure of the polymer
• What is the molecular formula of poly(ethene)?

  (C₂H₄)ₙ
• Why are most polymers solid at room temperature?

  Stronger intermolecular forces than simple molecules
• What is the difference in boiling points between polymers and ionic compounds?

  Polymers have lower boiling points
• What is a characteristic of giant covalent structures?

  They have very high melting points
• What is diamond's structure made of?

  Carbon atoms forming four covalent bonds
• Why doesn't diamond conduct electricity?

  It has no free electrons or ions
• How are carbon atoms arranged in graphite?

  In sheets forming hexagons
• What makes graphite soft and slippery?

  Weak forces between the layers
• How many covalent bonds does each carbon atom form in graphite?

  Three covalent bonds
• What allows graphite to conduct electricity?

  Delocalised electrons that can move
• What is graphene?

  A single layer of graphite
• What is a property of graphene?

  It is very strong and light
• How does graphene conduct electricity?

  Through delocalised electrons in the structure